BONI 150 at ang "Republika ng Filipino" (a.k.a ni Miong?)

NOONG isang linggo ay idinaos ang ika-114 Guning-taon ng Promulgasyon ng sinasabing Unang Saligang-Batas at Unang Republika ng Pilipinas (Malolos) sa Simbahan ng Barasoain sa Bulakan. Bonggang pagdiriwang noong Enero 23 dahil nandoon pa yata* si "Pangulong" A_Noy Cojuangco-Aquino at nauna pa ngang inihayag sa unang pagkakataon na pista ospisyal ang araw na ito bilang "Araw ng Republikang Filipino" (sa probinsya ng Bulakan o lamang). May dalawang isyu maipupukol sa deklarasyong ito. Una ay ang pilit minamaliit ngunit naglalagablag na katanungan na si Emilio Aguinaldo nga ba at ang pamahalaan nito ang "Unang" Pangulo/Republika? Pangalawa ay ang medyo nakakapagtakang timing ng deklarasyon ng pagka pista-opisyal ng Enero 23--tinapat pa naman talaga sa BONI 150--ang mahalagang taong paggunita sa kapanganakan ng pinakamatayog na maghihimagsik na bayani ng bayan, si Supremo Andres Bonifacio--na pinapatay ni Aguinaldo.

Taong 1899, Enero 21 ay inihayag ang saligang-batas na binuo sa loob ng apat na buwan ng Kongreso ng Malolos. Makalipas ang dalawang (2) araw, Enero 23, ay opisyal na inihayag naman ang Repulika ng Malolos (Pilipinas) at si Aguinaldo bilang Pangulo. Ang mga pangyayaring ito ay nakapaloob, o nakagitna, sa pagitan ng Himagsikan laban sa mga epal na Kastila (Agosto 1896 - Julyo/Setiembre 1898[?[) at sa giyera sa lalong mas epal na mga mananakop, ang Labanang Pilipino-Amerikano (Pebrero 4, 1899 - 1914).

KKK, Unang Pamahalaan; Bonifacio, Unang Pangulo

Sinasabi ng nangingibabaw/dilaw na kasaysayan na si Aguinaldo daw ang unang Pangulo, at ang kanyang pamahalaan ang unang republika, ng bayan. Itong matagal nang itinuturo sa atin ay taliwas sa mga totoong kasaysayan, isang pagmamaniobra sa pagsusulat ng mga tunay na pangyayari. Isang higanteng panloloko. Si Bonifacio ang tunay na Unang Pangulo ng Himagsikang Pamahalaan ng bayan. Bakit kanyo?

Narito ang mga kadahilanan:

1. Ang titulo niyang Supremo ng Katipunan (KKK) na binuo upang makalaya tayo sa pagtatanikala sa atin ng mga Kastila ay kasingkahulugan ng Pangulo o Presidente (Pangulo nga ang tawag sa naunang pinuno ng KKK at pinalitan lamang ito ni Bonifacio)

2. Ang Katipunan ay iniangat, ginawang isang Maghihimagsik na Pamahalaan (Revolutionary Government), at si Bonifacio ang pinuno, noong Agosto 1896 nang napagpasyahang ilunsad na ang Himagsikan.

a. Isinulat/inulat ito, kasama ang naging halalan ng Katipunan, ng dalawang banyaga, isang historyador at isang mamamahayag na kontemporaryo sa ating mga bayani ng Himagsikan. Sa pahayagang 'El Ilustracion Espanoya y Amerikano' (1897) nga ay tinawag si Bonifacio bilang Pangulo ng Pilipinas samantalang Heneral lamang ang bansag kay Aguinaldo. Nakatala din ang tawag na Pangulo kay Bonifacio sa mga dokumentong naitabi ni Epifanio de los Santos. Nakita at napatunayan rin ito sa pagsasaliksik ng mga kasalukuyang historyador na sina Milagros Guerrero, Zeus Salazar, atbp.

b. Kumpleto sa mga karaniwan o standard na elemento ang Pamahalaang Katipunan.

      i.) May pangunahing watawat na itinaas ni Bonifacio noong ilunsad ang Himagsikan (maraming mga watawat ng ginagamit ng mga lupon noon dahil ang kagawian noon ay magtaas o magladlad ng bandera bago maglabanan). ii.) May pambansang awit din, ang "Marangal na Dalit ng Katagalugan" na binuo ni Julio Nakpil.

       iii.) May mga heneral din, at kabilang dito si Hen. Guillermo R. Masangkay ng Maynila, na siyang makakakita sa mga labi ni Bonifacio na itinago ng mga pumatay ditong alipores ni Aguinaldo, at sa Kabite, sina Hen. Mariano Alvarez at si Aguinaldo. May mga heneral at siyempre mga sundalo, ang mga karaniwang Katipunero, dahil binuo nila Bonifacio ang pambansang militar ng Agosto 1986 nga kahit hindi masyadong ayos dahil biglaan nga ang pagputok ng rebolusyon.

       iv.) Pati Saligang-Batas, sa pormang mga batas, Kartilya at Dekalogo, ay mayroon ang Katipunan. Tinanggihan nga ni Bonifacio ang ipinrisinta ni ni Hen. Edilberto Evangelista noong bandang Disyembre 1896 (bilang representate ng kampo ni Aguinaldo/Magdalo) na 'konstitusyon' dahil plagiarized ito. Ayon kay Bonifacio na maalam sa batas, ay masyadong hango ang proposed constitution sa isang Kastilang batas at dahil nga rin may mga batas na ang KKK ay hindi niya ito pinayagan.


"Republica Filipino" o BONI 150?

Tungkol naman sa parang nanunuyang timing ng pagdeklara opisyal sa Enero 23 (1899) bilang "Araw ng Republika Filipino," eh bakit nga ba itinapat pa sa mahalagang BONI 150 samantalang itong si Aguinaldo Pangulo daw ng pamahalaang iyo ay napakalaki ng kasalanan sa Supremo at sa bayang Pilipinas/Tagalog/Taga-Ilog/Maharlika?

Inagawan ng posisyon pinuno ng Himagsikan, pinadaklot 'dead or alive,' nilitis pa-moro-moro, at pinapatay lang naman ni Aguinaldo ang mahal na Supremo. At si Hen. Santiago Alvarez, isang Kabitenyo, kapwa kaibigan ni Miong at Andres, ang pangunahing sumulat tungkol sa mga ginawang kabalbalan ni Aguinaldo: ang pandaraya noong halalan ng Kumbensyon Tejeros noong Marso 1987; ang pagutos kina Intsik Paua na daklutin o kidnapin si Bonifacio buhay o patay; ang pagbaril/pagsaksak at pagmaltrato sa kulungan kina Supremo at kapatid nitong si Procopio; at ang karumaldumal na 'kangaroo court' na paglilitis at pagpataw ng kamatayan sa magkapatid na bayani.

Si Hen. Santiago Alvarez, uulitin ko, ay isang tumataginting na Kabitenyo at kapwa kaibigan ni Bonifacio at Aguinaldo. Siya ang bayaning kontemporaryo na pangunahing sumulat sa kasaysayan ng Katipunan, kabilang ang mga nakakasukang kasalanang ginawa ni "Pangulo" Aguinaldo laban sa Katipunan, laban sa Supremo.

Ang mga Dilaw nga naman. Nagkataoon nga lamang ba? Hale nga, ang darating na Mayo 10, 2013, ang ika-116 taon ng pagpaslang sa Ama ng Himagsikang si Supremo Bonifacio sa mga kamay ng bataan ni Aguinaldo, ideklara n'yo nga ngayong taon bilang "Araw ng Pagluluksa ng Katipunan" o? :)


May Halaga rin ang 'Republikang Filipino'

Hindi ko naman sinasabing walang halaga ang 1899 'Republikang Filipino' o maging si "Pangulong" Aguinaldo. Nangyari naman talaga ito--hindi nga lamang talaga "Una" sa kasaysayan ng bayan--at may silbi ito sa pag-assert ng ating kalayaan at kasarinlan. Kahit papaano, si Aguinaldo ay hindi tulad ng mga kumaripas agad na mga collaborators tulad nina Cayetano Arellano (na magiging co-opted ng mga hnypak na Amerikano bilang Hukom ng Korte Suprema). Oo nga at nakita na ang interes talaga nito ay makamit ang pwesto sa itaas subalit lumaban pa rin ito kahit panandalian lamang dahil agad na niyakap ang kalabang imperyalista nang mahuli ito noong Marso 1901.

Ipinagpatuloy kahit papaano ni Aguinaldo ang labang sinimula ni Bonifacio upang makamtan ang ating kalayaan kahit may duda kung nag-collaborate itong patago sa mga Kastila at nagpasyang lamang ipagpatuloy ang Himagsikan nang mabola ng mga epal na Kano. Oo, banyagang konsepto ng 'kasarinlan' ang itunulak ni Miong--nasa Kastila ang orihinal na "Lupang Hinirang" at ni-retain nito ang 'Filipinas' na tawag sa bansa ng mananakop, atbp. Subalit kahit papaano, dahil kinalaban din niya ang tantads na imperyalista, natatawag nating GIYERA ng kapwa bansa ang Labanang Pilipino-Amerikano (1899-1914).


Ang Mas Mahalaga, BONI 150!

Ang sinasabi ko ay itama ang pagsusulat at pagpapakalat ng kasaysayan at mas bigyan halaga ang tunay na 'Una'--Pangulong Andres Bonifacio, Pamahalaang Katipunan/Bansang Tagalog/Taga-Ilog/Maharlika (o di kaya para walang away sa terminolohiya ay BANSANG KATIPUNAN/KKK?). At nakakainsultong binuksan ang taong BONI 150 ng indirektong pagkilala kay Emilio Aguinaldo bilang Unang Pangulo ng bansa (dahil Unang Republika nga daw ang pamahalaan nito)... maliban na lamang kung babalansehin ito ng pagpapakalap ng ginawang kasalanan dito noong Mayo 1897. At kahit kinakilala natin na may ginawa rin si Aguinaldo, dapat na parusahan ito sa kasaysayan dahil sa mga mabibigat na kasalanan nito kay Bonifacio, sa KKK, at sa bayan.

Mabuhay ang Unang Pangulo ng Pilipinas/Tagalog/Taga-Ilog/Maharlika/KKK! Iwasto ang kasaysayan. Bigyang katarungan ang mga tunay na bayani. Itanghal ho natin ang wagas na makabayang pinuno, ang Supremo. BONI 150!



*Nagpadala lamang ng kinatawan si Aquino III

______


Mga Batis:


Álvarez, Santiago (1992), Malay, Paula Carolina S., ed., The Katipunan and the Revolution: Memoirs of a General, Ateneo de Manila University Press, ISBN 971-550-077-3. http://books.google.com/books/about/The_katipunan_and_the_revolution.html?id=F3q-krDckHwC 

Chua, Michael Charlestone. XIAOTIME, 29 November 2012: UNDRESS BONIFACIO, Ang Supremo Bilang Pinunong Militar. http://xiaochua.wordpress.com/2012/11/29/xiaotime-29-november-2012-undress-bonifacio-ang-supremo-bilang-pinunong-militar/

Enrile, Juan Ponce. Speech Of Senate President Juan Ponce Enrile: 
The First Philippine Republic. Jan. 23, 2009. http://www.senate.gov.ph/speeches/sp_fpr.asp

Guillermo R. Masangkay (1867-1963). http://www.nhcp.gov.ph/downloads/mp0104.pdf

Guerrero, Milagros; Encarnacion, Emmanuel; Villegas, Ramon (1996), "Andres Bonifacio and the 1896 Revolution", Sulyap Kultura (National Commission for Culture and the Arts) 1 (2): 3?12.

La Revolucion filipina (1896-1898).  http://www.museo-oriental.es/ver_didactica.asp?clave=138&loc=0

PNoy declares January 23 as ?Araw ng Republikang Filipino, 1899. http://iamjammed.com/news/january-23-declared-as-araw-ng-republikang-filipino-1899/

http://www.president.gov.ph/news/pres-aquino-declares-jan-23-as-araw-ng-republikang-filipino-1899/

Basahin din po sana:

Pagwawasto sa 8 Mito Patungkol kay Supremo at sa Katipunan (Bonifacio Series VIII). http://forthephilippines.blogspot.com/2012/11/pagwawasto-sa-8-mito-patungkol-kay.html

Andres Bonifacio, Unang Pangulo ng 'Pilipinas': Setting the Historiographic Record Straight (Bonifacio Series VI). http://forthephilippines.blogspot.com/2011/12/andres-bonifacio-unang-pangulo-ng.html

The HACKING of the SUPREMO, Unang Bahagi (Bonifacio Series VII).http://forthephilippines.blogspot.com/2012/05/hacking-of-supremo-unang-bahagi.html

Pagwawasto sa 8 Mito Patungkol kay Supremo at sa Katipunan (Bonifacio Series VIII)

IKA-30 Nobyembre 2012. Kaarawan na naman (kahapon) ni Supremo Andres Bonifacio y de Castro, ang tunay na Unang Pangulo ng bayang Pilipinas/Tagalog/Maharlika/Taga-Ilog.  Sa susunod na na taon na nga ang malaking paggunita ng ika-150  kapanganakan ng pinakamagiting at pinakamatayog na bayaning lumaban para sa ating kalayaan at pagkabansa. Subalit bakit ba tila napakarami ang hindi tunay na nakakakilala sa kanya, o maling-mali ang kaalaman ukol sa kanyang pagkatao at mga ginawa, at ginawa sa kanya noong huling buwan ng kanyang buhay? Sa panahon niya ay may mga nagkalat ng paninirang propaganda ukol sa Supremo subalit hindi ba dapat na naiwasto na ang mga kasinungalingang iyon sa ngayon? Ang nangyari pa nga ay lumawak pa ang mga paninira na tila ba buhay at kumikilos pa ang mga kagaya ni Daniel Tirona ng Magdalo...

Lampas isang siglo na mula nang kanyang itatag, sampu ng iba pang mga dakilang nagtaguyod, ang samahang naghanda ng paglaban para sa kalayaan at bumuo ng Pamahalaang Himagsikan, ang Kataastaasang Kagalanggalangang Katipunan nang manga Anak nang Bayan o KKK. Matagal nang nalimbag ang mga sulatin ng tatlo sa mga patas at mas mapapagkatiwalaang mga "primary sources" ukol sa Katipunan at sa Supremo--mula kay Hen. Santiago Alvarez, at Gat Apolinario Mabini, at sa limitadong antas, kay  Hen. Artemio Ricarte. Nailabas na rin ang mga sulat ni Bonifacio kay Gat Emilio Jacinto na nagbubunyag ng mga sigalot sa pagitan ng sangguniang Magdiwang at Magdalo sa Kabite. Subalit bakit namamayagpag ang mga maling kaalaman ukol sa Supremo sa ating sistemang pangedukasyon at mainstream na media.

Ang mga maling kwentong ito ukol kay Supremo ay nakahalo sa mga iba pang kaalaman ukol sa kanya at madalas pa nga ay mas nangingibabaw dahil mukhang hawak ng mga kontra-Bonifacio ang mga ahensyang pangkaalaman--ang edukasyon at ang media. Ayon sa historyador na si Prop. Michael Charlestone Chua, "mga pwersang panlipunan na ayaw maituro ang mga aral nina Bonifacio at ng Katipunan." Pinakamainam ngang paraan para mabara ang pagpapahalaga sa Katipunan ay siraan ang pangunahing nagtaguyod at nagpalakad nito. Anu-ano ba itong tinutukoy kong pangit na propaganda ukol sa Supremo? Narito ang mga pangunahing maling kaalaman na masasabing nakakapanggigil dahil sa sobrang pagkataliwas o paninira nito sa pagkatao at naging buhay ni Bonifacio.

I.  Wala raw pinag-aralan o mahina daw ang ulo ni Supremo.

Mukhang walang sariling mga bait ang naniniwala dito dahil may mangmang bang 1.) nakapagtatag at nakapagpalakas ng tagong samahan sa ilalim ng mapanikil na kolonyal na pamahalaan, at 2.) nakapagbasa ng mga librong nasa ibang wika (Les Miserables at Biography of American Presidents)? Bukod pa sa kanyang magagandang makabayang sulatin tulad ng Pag-Ibig Sa Tinubuang Lupa, Dekalogo, Dapat Mabatid ng Mga Tagalog, atbp.  Talas ng isip sa pagplaplano at mga taktika upang ma-utakan o ma "outwit" ang kalaban ang ginamit ni Bonifacio. Sila ngang mga nagsasabi nito baka sa barangay lang nila magtatag ng panghimagsikang samahan ay huli na agad sila.:)

Kailangang banggitin na kung ihambing si Bonifacio kay Hen. Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy ay akala mo 'no read, no write' ang una at nakatapos ang huli. Ang katotohanan ay medyo nakakagulat sa mga nauto ng pwersang dilaw sa kasaysayan at media: self-educated ang Supremo at nakatuntong lamang sa high school itong si Aguinaldo.

Mas marunong pa nga pagdating sa mataas na kaalamang pangpamahalaan itong si Bonifacio kaysa kay Aguinaldo. Kitang-kita ang kamangmangan ni Aguinaldo pagdating sa usapang pamahalaan noong "Republika ng Biak na Bato" na itinatag nito bago tinalikuran ang Himagsikan at tumakbo sa Hong Kong (hanggang makipagusap sa mga Amerikano). Ang Saligang Batas ng Biak na Bato ay halos buong-buong kinuha sa Konstitusyon ng Cuba--99.9% plagiarized, ika nga. Nakakahiya. Ihambing ito sa ginawang pagtutol ni Bonifacio sa Saligang Batas na inihain ni Hen. Edilberto Evangelista sa kanya noong bandang Disyembre 1896. Batay sa sinulat ni Hen. Alvarez, tinanggihan ni Bonifacio na gamitin ang konstitusyon para sa pamahalaang Katipunan dahil nakita niyang malapit ito sa gawa ng Kastilang si Antonio Maura. 

Sabi nga ni Mabini, si Bonifacio ay isang "sagacious" na pinuno at "had no less schooling than any of those elected in the aforesaid assembly."  Tinutumbok dito ni Mabini ang kontrobersyal na Tejeros Convention kung saan nakaikot ang hindi lang isang malaking kasinungalingan ukol kay Bonifacio.

II. "Natalo" daw ni Aguinaldo si Bonifacio sa Kumbensyong Tejeros.

Maaring natalo sa bilangan ngunit hindi sa tunay na halalan ang Supremo dahil ang Tejeros Convention ang pinakaunang madayang halalan sa kasaysayan ng ating pagkabansa. Ang unang HOCUS-PCOS, unang 'Hello Garci' kumbaga.  Nakasulat kina Ricarte, Alvarez, at sa mga sulat ni Bonifacio ang pandarayang naganap sa halalan.

Bago pa man simulan ang halalan sa Tejeros ay nagsumbong kay Bonifacio si Diego Mojica, isang opisyal ng Katipunan, Magdiwang, ukol sa may mga laman nang mga balota, ayon sa memoirs ni Alvarez. Pre-filled ballots, ika nga. Matapos ang halalan ay agad na gumawa ng deklarasyon si Ricarte na nagkaroon ng dayaan at kahit nahalal siya ay ayaw sana niyang magkaroon ng bahagi sa "pamahalaang" iyon. Sinulat din ni Alvarez na patagong sumumpa sa tungkulin sina Aguinaldo, at sa harap pa ng isang Kastila, o turuan-ng-Kastila na pari. Nakasulat din mismo ang pandarayang ito sa mga sulat ni Bonifacio kay Jacinto.

III. Kaya daw nag-walk out si Bonifacio sa halalan sa Tejeros ay dahil hindi nito matanggap ang "pagkatalo" kay Aguinaldo at ito ay lumayo na.

Napakalaking kasinungalingan nito sa dalawang kadahilanan. Una, nagalit si Bonifacio dahil ayaw kilalanin ni Tirona ang kanyang pagkapanalo bilang Kalihim na Pang-loob (Interior Secretary) samantalang iginiit niya bago umpisahan ang halalan na dapat igalang ng lahat ang anumang kakalabasan nito, na sinanggayunan naman ng mga delegado. Ininsulto siya ni Tirona na kesyo hindi bagay maging Kalihim dahil hindi nakatapos o hindi ito abogado (Ngek! Ano naman kaya yung high-school level na si "Pangulong" Aguinaldo?). Ito ay malinaw na nagpapakita ng kawalang paggalang nila Tirona sa boses ng tao--kung ipapalagay na hindi nagkaroon ng dayaan.

Karaniwang punto ng maling propaganda sa panahong kasalukuyan ay kesyo ang pagkagalit ni Bonifacio ay nagpapakita ng pagkainsulto niya, ng kanyang pagkapikon. Subalit kahit naman kanino mangyari ang pangit na taktikang iyon ay maiinsulto. Kailangang isa-alang-alang ang pagkatao nitong si Tirona. May nauna nang kasalanan itong si Tirona na itinuturong nagpakalat ng mga mapanirang poison letters laban kay Supremo noong huling bahagi ng Disyembre 1896, ayon sa mga sinulat ni Alvarez. Dagdag pa, si Tirona ay isang kalahating traydor na sumuko sa mga Kastila dalawang linggo lang makalipas ang Tejeros.

Pangalawa, ang totoo ay ilang pag-uusap at pakikipagtulungan pa ni Bonifacio kay Aguinaldo ang nangyari matapos ang Tejeros. Noong unang linggo ng Abril ay tinanggap pa nga ni Bonifacio sa kanyang opisina sa Naic itong sina Emilio at Baldomero Aguinaldo, ayon pa rin kay Alvarez. Binendisyunan pa nga kamo ni Bonifacio ang pagpapahiram ng Magdiwang, kung saan malapit si Bonifacio, ng mga armas nang hilingin ng Magdalo upang gamitin daw sa pakikipaglaban sa Kastila.

IV. Talunang pinunong militar daw itong si Bonifacio samantalang magaling daw si Aguinaldo.

Hindi totoong walang naipanalo si Bonifacio dahil ang mga naunang labanan ng mga Katipunero ay naipanalo nito. Ngayon, kung bakit hindi naging matagumpay ang Pangkalahatang Pag-aalsa noong Agosto 29/30 ng 1896 ay maisisisi sa ilang mga kadahilanan kabilang ang hindi pagsulpot ng grupo ni Aguinaldo, partikular ang pinamumunuan ni Fernandez. Kung baga, nasira ang plano.

Kasinungalingan ding basta-basta sabihin na mas magaling si Aguinaldo kay Bonifacio bilang heneral. Bakit kanyo? 1.) Manila, na sentro ng kapangyarihang kolonyal, ang hinawakan ni Bonifacio, na ang ibig sabihin ay mas mahigpit ang depensa dito at mas malakas ang pwersa ng kalaban dito. Mahirap talagang ipanalo. Samantala, 2.) si Aguinaldo nga ay nanalo sa labanan sa Imus noong Setyembre 1896 subalit nang ibinaling na ng Kastila sa Kabite ang pwersa nito ay kumaripas ng takbo itong si Aguinaldo papunta sa pagsuko/pakikipagkasundo sa Biak-na-Bato sa huling bahagi ng 1897.

Idagdag din na 3.) maliit na bahagi ng Kabite ang hawak ng Magdalo ni Aguinaldo kung ihahambing sa sakop ng Magdiwang nila Alvarez. Sa unang bagsak ng pagbaling ng Kastila sa Kabite noong Pebrero 1897 ay mas maraming mga bayan ang nalagas sa teritoryo ng Magdalo na umatras pa nga patungo, at nagkanlong, sa mga nasasakupan ng Magdiwang. Sa katunayan, sa panahong isinailalim sa kanggarong korte militar si Bonifacio ay tumatakbo noon ang Magdalo mula sa pagsalakay ng Kastila.

Ang totoo ay 4.) may taal na katalinuhang pulitiko-militar ang Supremo, ayon sa historyador at antropologong si Dok Zeus Salazar. May pangkalahatang plano ng Himagsikan si Bonifacio na binubuo ng apat na kaisipan. Ito ay ang a) mabilisang paghihimagsik na pupugot sa ulo/sentro ng banyagang kapangyarihan; b) pagsasama-sama ng bayan upang mapatupad ang pagsakote sa Maynila; c) sakaling mabigo ang paghihimagsik, ang pag-atras ng mga rebolusyonaryo sa mga 'real' o ilihan, o mga kampong "komunidad na may tanggulan malapit sa bayan"; d) sa maramihan, ang mga ilihan ay pabaitang na lunsaran ng ala-gerilya na pag-atake mula sa kanayuhan patungo sa militar na ulo ng Kastila na epektibong ginamit ng maraming heneral at mismong sumalo kay Aguinaldo sa Real ng Biyak na Bato.

V. Ang Katipunan daw ay samahan lamang, si Aguinaldo raw ang unang Pangulo ng bansa (at hindi daw si Bonifacio).

Ito marahil ang pinakamalaking kalokohang kasinungalingan patungkol sa naging pagkatao, nagawa at tagumpay ni Bonifacio. Ang totoo: bago inilunsad ang Pangkahalatang Pag-aaklas laban sa Kastila ay ginawang Panghimagsikang Pamahalaan ang Katipunan, kabilang ang pagtatatag ng hukbong sandatahan nito, at paghalal ng mga opisyal sa pamumuno ni Pangulong Bonifacio. May watawat pa nga at pambansang awit na inihanda, ang Marangal na Dalit ng Katagalugan na kinomisyon ng Supremo kay Julio Nakpil y Garcia.


Nakakapagtakang hindi kinikilala sa opisyal na kasaysayan (na tinuturo sa mga paaralan at binabangit ng media) ang halalan sa Katipunan na nagluklok kay Bonifacio bilang pinuno ng bansang naghihimagsik. Ito ay ibinalita sa Kastila-Amerikanong pahayagang "La Ilustración Española y Americana" (1897, Vol. I) kung saan pinakita pa ang larawan ni Bonifacio na may caption na "'Presidente' de la Republica Tagala." Sinulat din ito sa kaparehong taon ng Kastilang historyador na si Jose M. del Castillo. Nilagay nito sa kanyang "El Katipunan" or "El Filibusterismo en Filipinas" ang kinalabasan ng halalan sa Katipunan kung saan napili si Bonifacio bilang Supremo/Pangulo, si Jacinto bilang State Secretary, at iba pa.

Kung tutuusin ay dapat na tingnan bilang  malakas na pagbakas sa pagka-Pangulo ni Bonifacio at pagiging pamahalaan (na pang-Himagsik) ng Katipunan ang dalawang Kastilang batis na ito. Kung titingnan mula sa teoryang 'national perspective,' dapat si Aguinaldo na nakipagkasundo sa kanilang pamahalaang (Kastila) ang kilingan nila at hindi si Bonifacio na siyang puno't dulo ng Rebolusyon. Kung bakit itinatatwa ito ng mainstream na kasaysayan ng Pilipinas ay lubhang nakakapagtaka, taliwas sa lohiko.

Sabihin pa, may pagpapatibay din ito mula sa mga lokal na batis. Isinulat ni Alvarez na noong pinipilit nila Baldomero Aguinaldo na magtatag ng (bagong) pang-himagsikan pamahalaan ay sinagot nina Bonifacio na hindi ito kailangan dahil pamahalaan na ang Katipunan. Ipinahiwatig din ni Mabini na ang Katipunan ay pamahalaan sa ilalim ni Bonifacio nang sinulat niya sa kanyang memoirs na kriminal na insubordinasyon ni Aguinaldo ang pag-utos na "asasinasyon" (pagpatay) sa Supremo.

VI. May karapatan daw hatulan ng kampo ni Aguinaldo si Bonifacio na kanila daw isinailalim sa 'hustisya.'

Isang nakakapangilabot na pares ng kasinungalinan. Mula umpisa ay pagligpit na sa Supremo ang pakay ng kampo ni Aguinaldo. Isinulat ni Alvarez na 'dead or alive,' patay o buhay, ang utos na pagdukot kay Bonifacio. Ang mga inutusan ni Aguinaldo--sina Kol. Agapito Bonzon o alyas Intong, Felipe Topacio, at Jose Paua o Instik Pawa (may kasalukuyang historyador ang nagsasabing kasama si Lazaro Makapagal)--ay malugod pa nga ilang tinanggap (bilang mga kapatid sa Katipunan) ni Bonifacio ngunit patraydor na binaril at sinaksak nila ang Supremo sa tinuluyan nito sa Indang, Kabite.

Patraydor na pagdaklot ang ginawang panghuli sa Supremo dahil walang legal na kapangyarihan ang "pamahalaan" kuno ni Aguinaldo. Bakit ko nasabi ito?  1.) Walang bisa ang halalang Tejeros dahil una (a), pinawalang bisa ito ni Bonifacio na presiding officer ng kumbensyon. Pangalawa (b), nagkaroon ng dayaan sa Tejeros batay sa ulat ni Mojica at sa deklarasyon ni Ricarte na nagsabing nagkaroon ng "dirty or shady practices in the manner" ng halalan at napilitan lamang siyang sumumpa sa nakuhang posisyon na Pinuno ng Himagsikang Hukbong Sandatahan dahil tinakot siyang papatayin, ayon na rin sa kanyang deklarasyon. Pangatlo (c), kung kinikilala ng karamihan ang pagka-"panalo" ni Aguinaldo, sana ay hindi ito patagong nanumpa bilang "Pangulo." Pang-apat (d), naglabas din si Bonifacio at apatnapung iba pang Katipunero ng Acta de Tejeros na nagpapawalang bisa sa marumi at ma-anomalyang Kumbensyong Tejeros isang araw matapos ang halalang ito. Maaring may ilang pumirma na bumaligtad at kumampi kay Aguinaldo, katulad ni Hen. Pio del Pilar, subalit hindi nawala ang bisa nito dahil mas marami ang nanatili at nagkapirmahan nga.

2.) Sa yugto ng panghuli at pagkulong, at paglilitis ay walang hustisyang natamo sina Bonifacio. Pagmaltrato ang natamo si Supremo at kapatid na lalaki nitong nabuhay (noong dinaklot sila) na si Procopio. Pinagbawalan ang pagbisita sa makipot at madilim na bartolina, hindi nilapatan ng lunas ang mga sugat, at kung pinakain man ay "pagkaing hindi na dapat sabihin" ang binigay, ayon kay Alvarez. Ma-anomalya rin at patago ang ginawang 'paglilitis' kay Bonifacio. Kangaroo court martial, ika nga. Tumataginting na lutong makaw ang makikita ng kahit sinong may wisyo na makakabasa ng tala ng paglilitis, kahit yung 'opisyal' na bersyon pa at kahit hindi alam ang 'dead or alive' na utos ni Aguinaldo.

Meron ba naman patas na hukom na ang a) presiding officer (Mariano Noriel) ay pinangunahan ang kalalabasan at tinawag na ang intensyon ni Bonifacio ay "evil and treacherous," at ang b) abogadong itinakda nila sa Supremo, defense attorney (Placido Martinez), ay hinusgahan rin ang nasasakdal at sinabi ring "evil" daw ang binalak nito? Idagdag pa na ang auditor ng hukom militar ay si Baldomero Aguinaldo na pinsan ng biktima raw ng planong pagpatay ng Supremo.

VII. Duwag daw sa harap ng kamatayan ang Supremo.

Hindi iilan ang kumakagat o medyo kumakagat sa malaking kalokohang ito kahit na alam ng madla ang katapangan ng bayaning naglakas ng loob na pangunahan ang humawak ng balisong at baril upang wakasan ang pagkaalipin ng bayan at ilunsad ang bagong umaga nito bilang isang bansa. Sukdulang taliwas sa pagiging "El Marat Filipino," ika nga ng El Renacimiento--matapang na manghihimagsik, mapusok na patriotiko--ang pagiging duwag daw ng Supremo nang papaslangin na siya. Talaga nga yatang natatalo rin ang wisyo ng paulit-ulit na pagbigkas o paglimbag ng kasinungalingan.

Walang kredibilidad kung tutuusin ang pinagmulan ng mga pahayag na ito--ang berdugong si Lazaro Makapagal. Walang kredibilidad ang kanyang mga pahayag ukol sa mga huling sandali ng Supremo hindi lang dahil siya ang pinuno ng berdugong inatasan ng kampo ni Aguinaldo kundi dahil 1.) paiba-iba ang pahayag niya sa mga pangyayari; 2.) wala sa mga kapwa berdugo niya ang nagpatotoo sa mga kwento nito; at 3.) taliwas ang ilang mga detalye niya doon mismo sa tala ng kanilang kampo ukol sa paglilitis sa Supremo.

Nagmakaawa raw, umiyak, o sinubukang tumakbo mula sa kanyang kapalaran si Bonifacio nang papatayin na siya. Tatlong magkakasalungat na pahayag na ito ang pinakawalan ni Makapagal ng mga huling taon ng dekada 1920 sa mga naging panayam kay Alvarez (inilabas ng 1927), sa Philippine Free Press (1928), at kay Jose P. Santos (1929). Halimbawa, sa pangalawang bersyon nito ay sinabi niyang nang dinala nila sa bundok ang Supremo ay may isang sugat lamang ito, sa braso--isang litaw na kasinungalingan dahil kahit sa opisyal na tala ay nakalagay na may sugat sa lalamunan si Bonifacio dala ng pagkakasaksak dito noong dinaklot ito.

Kung paano nangyari na ang mga imposibleng pahayag na ito ay binibigyan diin sa mga aklat pangkasaysayan o sa media ay isang malaking katanungan. Ang mas kapani-paniwala siguro ay ang isang kwentong magsasabing sinubukan silang agawan ng armas at patayin ng Supremo dahil sa kanilang paglapastangan sa Katipunan at tunay na katarungan.

Subalit ang katawan ni berdugo Makapagal ay walang sugat, walang tanda ng paglaban ng Supremo. Masasagot ng pagwawasto ng isa pang mito ukol kasaysayan ni Bonifacio ang puntong ito.

VIII. Pinatay daw sa "execution" gamit ang pagbaril si Supremo.

Lubos na nakakapagtaka na ito ang kwentong kumalat at pinalaganap sa loob ng maraming dekada, malamang kasabay ng mga kalokohang pahayag ni Makapagal, samantalang si Mabini, na naging malapit kay Aguinaldo, ay ASASINASYON ang tawag sa ginawa ng kampo ni Aguinaldo kay Bonifacio. Pag sinabing execution, ito ay dapat bukas sa madla dahil bunsod ito ng paglilitis, ng proseso ng bukas na paghahanap ng katarungan. Ang ginawa ay Bonifacio ay hindi execution dahil patago ito, mula pa sa paglilitis kung kailan ipinagbawal ang anumang pagbisita sa kanya at Procopio, hanggang sa dalhin sila sa bundok ng Buntis sa Kabite. Inilayo pa, sinadyang pinaslang ang magkapatid na Bonifacio kung saan walang makakasaksi. Kahit idahilang itinago nila ito mula sa Kastila, gaano ba kahirap magtawag ng magiging tagapanood at madaliang ipatupad ang hatol--sa mismong kuta pa nila para maiwasang mahuli ng mga Kastila?

Hindi execution kundi asasinasyon dahil patraydor ang pagpaslang. Bakit kaya? Dahil takot na maaring magdulot ng pagkakawatak-watak ng mga rebolusyonaryo ang tagpong pagpatay sa Supremo? Kung talagang nanalo sa Tejeros si Aguinaldo at malinis ang paglilitis at may kasalanan ang Supremo, walang dapat kinatakutan. Mayroon pa kayang itinago?

Walang duda na hindi execution kundi asasinasyon. At ang mas nakakahindik pang kasinungalinang na dapat itama ay kung anong armas ang ginamit ng mga berdugo.

"A putol a paa, di dadapa// a putol a tenga, di bibingi..." o malapit dito na naglalaman ng mga linyang nagbabanggit ng mga putol na bahagi ng katawan ng Supremo. Kakatwang kwento ukol kay Bonifacio dahil hindi polisiya ng Katipunero ang sadyang putol-putulin ang katawan ng kalaban; sumikat ilang dekada na ang nakakaraan at may bersyon pa nga nitong matatagpuan mismo sa Maragondon court house. Noong 1918 ay inilabas ang forensics na ulat ng mga doktor mula sa Unibersidad ng Pilipinas at nila Hen. Guillermo Masangkay (isa sa mga opisyal ng Katipunang pamahalaan) at Epifanio de los Santos ukol sa natagpuang buto na dineklara nila na kay Bonifacio batay sa best available science ng panahon na iyon. Tumutugma din ang katangian ng mga butong nahukay sa family history ng mga Bonifacio, kabilang ang kakaibang gawi ng Supremo: ang mga ngipin ay "maliit at makinis" na akala mo kinikil--na tugma sa kagawian ni Bonifacio na paghasa sa kanyang mga ngipin sa baba katapat ng incisors, ayon na rin sa pahayag ng kapatid nitong si Esperidiona. Ang nagbunsod kay Masangkay na hanapin ang Supremo ay ang sumbong ng ilan sa mga dating tauhan ni Makapagal na pinatay daw sa pagtataga ang Supremo na  nakasakay sa duyan at mahina na. Ang natagpuan nilang buto sa Kabite ay tugma rin sa sumbong sa kanya batay sa tama ng bayoneta at bolo at pagkakaroon ng biyak sa bungo. Huling dekada ng siglo 1900s ay nagsaliksik gamit ang oral history approach si Prop. Daniel Aragon mula sa Unibersidad ng Pilipinas ukol sa putol-putol na kwento. Lumalabas sa kanyang pag-aaral na kwentong bayan--batay sa saling-kwento ng mga Kabitenyong nakakita sa berdugo team ni Makapagal o nakasilip sa aktwal na pagpaslang sa magkapatid na--pinahirapan bago pinatay at maaring pinutulan ng ilang bahagi ng katawan si Supremo at inilakbay upang ilipat (malamang nakatali ang paa't kamay sa kawayan mula Bundok Buntis papuntang Nagpatong).

Tumutugma o may mga mahahalagang pagkakatugma ang kwentong putol-putol/pananaga sa sumbong kay Hen. Masangkay ng tauhan ni berdugo Makapagal, sa resulta ng 1918 forensics, at sa oral history mula sa Maragondon ukol sa patagang pagpaslang kay Bonifacio. Samantala, lumalabas na malaking kasinungalingan ang self-serving na mga paiba-iba at nagkokontrahang mga pahayag ni Makapagal, na taliwas rin sa dokumentadong katapangan ni Bonifacio at mismo sa ilang detalye ng opisyal na tala ng kanila court martial.

Hindi sa pagbaril kundi sa PAGTAGA winakasan ng mga berdugo nila Aguinaldo ang buhay ng magkapatid na bayaning Bonifacio. Pinahirapan ang hindi na makalaban-laban na nanghihina nang Supremo (dahil sa hindi nilunasang pagkaka-baril at pananaksak dito sa Indang), pinagtataga hanggang  maputol malamang ang ilang bahagi ng katawan, at pinagtakpan ang krimen sa pamamagitan ng paglipat sa ibang bahagi ng kabundukan.

Mas Patas at May Kredibilidad na mga Batis

Ang karamihan ng nalahad dito ay batay kina Hen. Alvarez, Hen. Ricarte, at Gat Mabini. Sina Mabini, Hen. Alvarez, at Hen. Ricarte ay mga pinagkaatiwalaan at dinadakilang mga personalidad na nakadaupang palad  mismo ni Pangulong Bonifacio. Kung sa patas ay patas ang tatlong ito dahil sa mga kapwa malalapit din kay Hen. Aguinaldo ang mga ito. Si Mabini, siyempre pa, ay naging Kalihim at tagapayo ni Aguinaldo. Si Alvarez ay naging kaibigan ng kontrobersyal na pinuno at kapwa Kabiteno pa nito. Si Ricarte naman ay tanyag sa prinsipyo nito laban sa imperyalistang Amerikano at sa pagdakila nito kina Rizal at Bonifacio habang naka-exile sa bansang Hapon kahit na may nagsasabing tuluyan daw itong kumampi sa kampo ni Aguinaldo at palihim pang nagpayo na tuluyang iligpit si Bonifacio noong 1897.

Ang tungkol sa mga pahayag ni berdugo Lazaro Makapagal, kapatid na babae ni Supremo, at paghukay sa mga buto ni Bonifacio ay mga nalathala sa pahayagan na kinalap ng mga mananaliksik ng Pambansang Komisyon (Suriang) Pangkasaysayan sa loob ng mahabang panahon (at inilabas na may kinikilingang opinyon ni G. Ambeth Ocampo, naging pinuno nito sa panahon ng administrasyon ni Gloria Macapagal Arroyo). Ang tungkol sa oral history naman ng mga taga-Maragondon, lalawigan ng Kabite ay mula sa pag-aaral ni Prop. Daniel Aragon, isang Kabitenyo. Sa madaling salita, ang mga primary sources ay mga patas at masasabi pa ngang kataka-takang hindi pumapanig sa kampo ni Aguinaldo. Ang mga lathain namang naglalaman ng mga pahayag mula 1920s at ang Kastilang website ay naglimbag lamang ng kanilang mga panayam o sipi (ng imahe ni Bonifacio mula sa lathaing "La Ilustración Española y Americana"). May iba ring pinagkunan, tulad ng mga libro o libro ng historyador na sina Milagros Guerrero at Dok Zeus Salazar, sinasabing 'Ama ng Pantayong Pananaw.'

Pagwawakas

Kung ano raw ang ating kainin, iyon tayo. Kung ano ang pinapakain sa atin o kinakain ng ating mga isip, iyon ang ating kamalayan. Sa terminolohiya ng information systems,  GIGO--garbage in, garbage out. Kung tahi-tahi at kathang-propaganda ang pagkakakilala sa mga bayani at kontra-bayani, lalabas na mito ang ating kamalayang pagkabansa.

Masidhi, malakas, at maimpluwensya ang mga nagpapakalat ng kasinungalingang paninira at pagmemenos sa Pangulong Bonifacio at sa Katipunan. Marami sila, hindi iilan, hindi lamang si Hen. Aguinaldo na hindi malayong napaikot din ng mas mapanggamit/mapanlinlang dito dahil wala pa itong edad 30 nang mga panahong inagawan niya ng kapangyarihan at pinapaslang ang Supremo. May mga pwersang panglipunan nga na ayaw maituro ang mga wasto o moral na mga aral ng Katipunan. Dagdagan ko pa na may mga pwersa sa ating lipunan na ayaw maparusahan sa mga kasalanan nila sa Supremo, sa Katipunan at mga turo at prinsipyo nito, at sa bayan.

Kung hindi tayo mag-iingat sa mga pinapayagaan nating pumasok natin sa kaisipan, magiging mga manikang pinapaikot lang tayo ng mga pwersang gahaman, makasarili at kalaban ng katotohanan. Hindi tayo makakarating sa kalagayang maayos kung saan buo ang ating kamalayang Pilipino at namamayani ang kapatiran, katarungan, kalayaang tunay, at kaunlarang nag-iingat sa kalikasan. Kung maiwawasto ang pagkakasulat sa kasaysayan ukol kay Supremo at Katipunan na pangunahing kumilos para sa ating kalayaan at pagkabansa, malamang ay maisunod na ang iba pa at maiwasto na rin sa wakas ang kasalukuyan nating kalahating-mitong historiograpiya. Sa ganoong paraan ay baka mapagkaisa na ang ating lahi sa kabansaang hindi tuta, bukas ngunit katutubo at makakalikasan, at makatarungan sa lahat.



HUWAG Hong Kalimutan, Pagtuntong ng Taon 2013 isang buwan mula ngayon ay BONIFACIO 150 NA! Magkita-kita ho tayong muli. :)


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Mainam din hong basahin ang mga piling iba pa sa Bonifacio Series:

The HACKING of the SUPREMO, Unang Bahagi (Bonifacio Series VII). http://forthephilippines.blogspot.com/2012/05/hacking-of-supremo-unang-bahagi.html

Andres Bonifacio, Unang Pangulo ng 'Pilipinas': Setting the Historiographic Record Straight (Bonifacio Series VI). http://forthephilippines.blogspot.com/2011/12/andres-bonifacio-unang-pangulo-ng.html

Tragedy of the Katipunan (Bonifacio Series IV). http://forthephilippines.blogspot.com/2011/05/tragedy-of-katipunan-assassination-cum.html

Gat Andres Bonifacio: The Anti-Colonial National Hero of the Philippines (Bonifacio Series I). http://forthephilippines.blogspot.com/2008/11/andres-anti-colonial-national-hero-of.html



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Mga Batis:

Alvarez, Santiago. The Katipunan and the Revolution: Memoirs of a General: with the original Tagalog text. Paula Carolina S. Malay. Trans. Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1992. http://books.google.com/books/about/The_katipunan_and_the_revolution.html?id=F3q-krDckHwC

Artemio Ricarte Declaration date 24 March 1897. Filipiniana.net. http://www.filipiniana.net/publication/artemio-ricarte-declaration-dated-24-march-1897/12791881635983

Chua, Michael Charlestone. XIAOTIME, 29 November 2012: UNDRESS BONIFACIO, Ang Supremo Bilang Pinunong Militar. http://xiaochua.wordpress.com/2012/11/29/xiaotime-29-november-2012-undress-bonifacio-ang-supremo-bilang-pinunong-militar/

Guerrero, Milagros, Emmanuel Encarnacion, and Ramon Villegas. Andres Bonifacio and the 1896 Revolution. In Sulyap Kultura. National Commission for Culture and the Arts, 1996. NCCA Site. 16 June 2003. http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/articles-on-c-n-a/article.php?i=5&subcat=13

La Revolución filipina (1896-1898).  http://www.museo-oriental.es/ver_didactica.asp?clave=138&loc=0

Ocampo, Ambeth. Bonifacio’s teeth, Rizal’s breath. Inquirer.net. March 9, 2012. http://opinion.inquirer.net/24571/bonifacio’s-teeth-rizal’s-breath

Ocampo, Ambeth. The execution of Bonifacio. Inquirer.net. May 15, 2009. http://opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/columns/view/20090515-205102/The-execution-of-Bonifacio

Ocampo, Ambeth. Urban Legends. Inquirer.net. March 13, 2012. http://opinion.inquirer.net/24903/urban-legends

Retana, Wenceslao. "El Marat Filipino," El Renacimiento, 26 de Marzo 1908

Salazar, Zeus A. Kasaysayan ng Kapilipinuhan: Bagong Balangkas. Lungsod ng Quezon. 2004 Disyembre. http://www.google.com.ph/url?

________________. Si Bonifacio bilang Pinunong Militar. http://blog-by-taga-ilog-news.blogspot.com/2012/05/si-bonifacio-bilang-pinunong-militar.html

Gat Emilio Jacinto: Dakilang Bayani ng Himagsikan at Digmaang Pilipino-Amerikano (1899-1914)

NGAYONG araw, 113 taon na ang nakakalipas, sa Mahayhay, Laguna, noong panahon ng Digmaang-Pilipino Amerikano (1899-1914), pumanaw ang isa sa pinaka-dakilang bayaning Pilipino/Tagalog/Taga-Ilog, si Emilio Jacinto y Dizon. Patnugot ng KALAYAAN, may akda ng KARTILYA, inihalal na KALIIHIM ng manghihimagsik na Pamahalaang Kataastaasang Kagalanggalangang Katipunan nang manga Anak nang Bayan (KKK), PUNONG HUKBO ng mga KATIPUNERO sa MAYNILA.

KAPATID sa Puso at Pakikibaka para sa Kalayaan at Bayan ni Supremo Andres BONIFACIO y de Castro.... namatay na ipinagpatuloy ang pakikiba laban sa Kastila at imperyalistang Amerikano matapos ipa-kidnap, litisin kuno, at ipaligpit ng kampo ni Hen. Emilio Aguinaldo si Generallissimo Bonifacio noong Mayo 10, 1897.


Sa larawan ay makikita na itinabi sa labi ni Jacinto ang kanyang baril. Hindi masyadong kita subali't isinama rin sa kanyang libing ang kanyang sipi ng Kartilya. Sinasabing nang namatay ang bayani ay hinubaran ito ng mga kaaway na Amerikano and the vile Bald Eagle forces supposedly even mutilated his body although a general allowed military honors for him. May kwento rin na mga natives (traydor?) na taga Laguna ang ang nagturo daw ng posisyon ni Aguinaldo. Sa account ng National Historical Commission of the Philippines ay malaria ang kanyang ikinamatay. May historyador ring nagsasabi na namatay siya mula sa tama ng bala o ng lagnat na sumunod dito.  


Mula sa nauna kong artikulo (excerpts) sa Blog by Taga-Ilog News:

He occupied several posts in the Katipunan. Jacinto was only a pre-law student (at the University of Santo Tomas) when he was elected as fiscal or No. 2 official in the Supreme Council of the Katipunan. He also served as the KKK's Secretary and a military leader. His last position was as Commanding General of the Northern District of Manila, accordingly appointed by Bonifacio on April 15, 1897.

Emilio Jacinto Seal as Punong Hukbo
of KKK forces in Manila, Morong,
Bulacan & Nueva Ecija (late 1896 - early 1897)

Jacinto is well known for the Katipunan ethics code, the Kartilya, and his editorship of the revolutionary newspapaper Kalayaan. His best politico-social treatise, however, he wrote some five months after the terrible anguish over the coup murder-by-execution of his brotherly friend, Bonifacio, who fell prey to the greed of the camp of then Capt. Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy. Jacinto elected to fight the colonial Spaniards separate from the forces of Aguinaldo who liquidated the Supremo and his brother on May 10, 1897. Jacinto remained loyal to Bonifacio and true to the cause of the Katipunan, turning down Aguinaldo's invitation for him to serve in the latter's new de facto revolutionary government.

Possibly nestled by the shade of some tree but under fire from the colonial enemy; hurting from the most unjust death of his Supremo friend who distinctly had the guts and wits to propel the Philippines into a nationalist revolution; and hands grimy from combat efforts, Tagalog (Filipino) patriot Jacinto wrote his masterpiece "A La Patria" (To My Fatherland) on October 8, 1897 in Sta. Cruz, Laguna 

http://blog-by-taga-ilog-news.blogspot.com/2010/10/emilio-jacintos-la-patria-bayang.html 


Mula sa Today in History:

1899 - Emilio Jacinto y Dizon, young Filipino patriot, revolutionary, and freedom-fighting leader dubbed the "Brains of the Revolution," dies from malaria and/or a gunshot wound in the mountains of Majayjay, Laguna during the bloody and protracted Philippine-American War (1899-1914)

- considered one of the greatest, noblest of Filipino heroes, Jacinto became a key revolutionary official during the first phase of the Revolution against Spain (1896-1898) when he became a confidante and trusted official of Supremo Andres Bonifacio y de Castro, leader of the underground-society-turned-revolutionary-government Kataastaasang Kagalanggalangang Katipunan nang manga Anak nang Bayan (KKK)

- Jacinto embraced with conviction and enthusiasm the Katipunan that sought the liberation of the Philippine archipelago from the yoke of Spanish rule when he was only a pre-law student, eventually occupying several posts including being Fiscal, KKK Secretary of State, and military leader

- when Generallissimo Bonifacio fell victim to the virtual coup of the fraudulent Tejeros Convention and eventual execution-cum-assassination perpetrated by the forces of Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy, Jacinto gravely grieved, refused the offer to join the new government, while continuing to fight the Spaniards and, later, the imperialist Americans, separate from the forces of Aguinaldo

- an ethical and very intelligent and cunning militant leader who escaped arrest and death during several bloody encounters with the enemies in Laguna, Jacinto managed the Katipunan printing press, also supervised the gunpowder, and would be noted in history for his important editorship of the revolutionary organ Kalayaan, authorship of the ten-point ethical code/primer of the KKK, the Kartilya, and of A La Patria, A Mi Madre and "Liwanag at Dilim," a series of articles dealing with liberty, human rights, equality, patriotism, and labor

- Jacinto's death came exactly a day and two years after his last Katipunan government appointment--Commanding General of the Northern District of Manila--less than a month before Bonifacio was eliminated by the camp of Aguinaldo.

http://philippines-islands-lemuria.blogspot.com/2012/04/16-april.html 


Si Punong Hukbong Jacinto sa ating pera ng nakaraang siglo: 

Makikita sa larawan sa ibaba na si Jacinto, kasama si Bonifacio, ang mukha ng P20, English series, noong 1949 (P1 si Mabini; P2 si Rizal; P5 sina del Pilar at Jaena; at P10 sina Gomburza). Ang likod ay ang mga simbolo ng Katipunan, kabilang ang Kartilya sinulat ni Jacinto.

Nakakalungkot na wala na si Jacinto sa ating pera ngayon.... napalitan yata ng mga hindi dapat iluklok sa mukha ng ating piso na bills.... Sana ay hindi makalimutan ng kasalukuyan at darating pang henerasyon ang kadakilaan, ang moralidad, kagitingan at pagmamahal sa bayan ni Gat Emilio Jacinto. 

Nguni't paano mangyayari ito? Malabong mangyari ang ganitong muling pagtatanghal ng kabayanihan ni Jacinto at iba pa dahil mismong ang Ama ng Katipunan, ang kanyang matalik na kaibigan at kapatid sa pakikiba na si Bonifacio, ang unang Pangulong Manghihimagsik ng bayan, ay na.devalue* na rin sa pera ng mga Pilipino.Sa panahon ng mga Dilaw kung kailan nagumpisa o lumakas ang lalagay ng mga di masyadong kaaya-ayang personalidad sa ating pera. Kung si Supremo Bonifacio nga ay ibinaba mula P5 sa makabagong pera at inilagay na lamang sa P10 kasama si Gat Apolinario Mabini (na hindi naman tama dahil wala silang naging makasaysayang pagsasama). 

Maghintay na lamang siguro tayo ng grasya ng isang inaasam na maayos na panahon kung naniniwala tayong darating ang ganoon ng pawis at hirap sa ating bahagi...... Maari ring kumilos tayo at subukan na makamit ang tagumpay, ang ninanais na maayos, makatao, malakas na bayan tulad ng ginawa nina Jacinto, Bonifacio, at sampu ng mga tapat ng Katipunero.


*The Devaluation of a Hero & Promotion of a Counter-Hero: Where's Andres Bonifacio in the P5 Coin? (Bonifacio Series III)


_______


Mga Batis:

"Emilio D. Jacinto 134th Birth Anniversary." Mb.com.ph 14 Dec. 2009. http://www.mb.com.ph/articles/234067/emilio-d-jacinto-134th-birth-anniversary


Guerrego, Milagros; Encarnacion, Emmanuel; and Villegas, Ramon. Andres Bonifacio and the 1986 Revolution. 16 June 2003. http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/articles-on-c-n-a/article.php?i=5&subcat=13

Chua, Michael Charleston. KASPIL 1. http://images.balanghay.multiply.multiplycontent.com/attachment/0/SMXvlQoKCEcAAEyb7ZE1/Xiaos%20Katipunan%20and%20Other%20Primary%20Documents.doc?nmid=114577752

Documents of the Katipunan: Andres Bonifacio Notice of appointment, April 15, 1897. http://kasaysayan-kkk.info/docs.ab.150497.htm

EMILIO D. JACINTO (1875-1899): Brains of the Katipunan. http://www.nhi.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_remository&Itemid=2&func=download&id=309&chk=98b6bbd13d950aadad1f7535c4006c18&no_html=1

Emilio Jacinto: Young General Martyr. http://www.funtrivia.com/en/subtopics/Emilio-Jacinto-Young-General-Martyr-139254.html

http://books.google.com/books?id=4wk8yqCEmJUC&pg=PA146&dq=tejeros+convention&hl=en&ei=zcSITbvCOcTZrQfRteHBDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CEcQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=tejeros%20convention&f=false


http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=SIq_FvJUr40C&pg=RA5-PT51&dq=emilio+jacinto+%22brains+of+the+katipunan%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=bRmMT_iWKM2YiAeY2MDvCQ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=emilio%20jacinto%20%22brains%20of%20the%20katipunan%22&f=false

http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=Lb8a7P_2InIC&pg=RA6-PA27&dq=emilio+jacinto+%22brains+of+the+katipunan%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=bRmMT_iWKM2YiAeY2MDvCQ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=emilio%20jacinto%20%22brains%20of%20the%20katipunan%22&f=false

http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=SIq_FvJUr40C&pg=RA5-PT51&dq=emilio+jacinto&hl=en&sa=X&ei=yRCMT_KjBrCuiQeP3N2qCw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=emilio%20jacinto&f=false

http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=7UUuHLJYdlMC&pg=PA134&dq=emilio+jacinto&hl=en&sa=X&ei=yRCMT_KjBrCuiQeP3N2qCw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=emilio%20jacinto&f=false

http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=SIq_FvJUr40C&pg=RA5-PT51&dq=emilio+jacinto&hl=en&sa=X&ei=yRCMT_KjBrCuiQeP3N2qCw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=emilio%20jacinto&f=false




Photo credits:

 https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYN4rfdvH8-NCJOG8KkG5o50kgvkMyez5JobugXdcAQf82jAFQBMkuPT8YBTZPzsG1QPrZbt2nR6HGEPaVpglelBf1cWtr6SGqyN3Hei3ISdmesL3y7hIUb3vEAdrqxgHstN_hjQLeC0SD/s1600/26342_343233727634_47261762634_3653808_7980242_n.jpg


http://images03.olx.com.ph/ui/11/00/74/1295415909_158839674_1-Pictures-of--PHILIPPINES-20-PESOS-1949-Bonifacio-and-Jacinto.jpg

Mga Larawan ni (at sulatin ukol kay) Supremo Andres Bonifacio y de Castro (Bonifacio Series V)

(Updated May 15, 2012)

Reconstructed Photograph of Supremo Boni (kung hindi siguro tinutugis ng Kastila)
(Photo art: JB)

Nagiisang larawan ni Supremo Andres Bonifacio y de Castro

(Enhanced)

Orihinal na 'Tiltulado Presidente' na larawan, nasa ' Museo Oriental de Valladolid Site

Cartoonized Artist's Image of President Andres Bonifacio de la Republica Tagala, Mirror image
  (Photo art: JB)

Supremo Andres, naka Barong
Cartoonized Artist's Image of Presidente Andres Bonifacio de la Republica Tagala; Mirror image
(Photo art: JB)

Presidente Andres Bonifacio de la Republica Tagala
Floating over the Philippine Archipelago

(Photo art: JB)

Presidente Andres Bonifacio de la Republica Tagala
Floating over the Philippine Archipelago, Mirror image, Bamboo frame
  (Photo art: JB)

Reversed color of original "Presidente de la Republica Tagala" image, stylized
(Photo art: JB)

"Ang Wakas ni Andres Bonifacio" ni Carlos Valino Jr.
Nanalo sa  1963 Andres Bonifacio Centennial Art Contest
Pinagkunan: Tragedy of the Revolution (akda ni Adrian E. Cristobal) via Prop. Michael Chua 
- matatagpuan daw ngayon sa Manila City Hall, Bulwagang Katipunan

Gat Andres Bonifacio: The Anti-Colonial National Hero of the Philippines (Bonifacio Series I)

Every November 30, the Philippines celebrates Bonifacio Day to commemorate the birthday of the Father of Philippine Revolution, Andres Bonifacio y de Castro. The second foremost figure in the Southeast Asian country's pantheon of heroes, he is in fact regarded by Filipino nationalists more highly than the only one other, but 'more official' national hero,* Jose Protacio Rizal, who is criticized as having been an "American-sponsored hero" chosen by the United States colonial government over the "too radical" Bonifacio and the 'Sublime Paralytic' Apolinario Mabini...XXXX

Surviving official letterhead communications dated 1897 point to Bonifacio's various designations that include being the "Supreme President, Government of the Revolution." Perhaps the most telling proofs come from non-partisan sources of the period. Nineteenth century Spanish historian Jose M. del Castillo, in his 1897 writing "El Katipunan" or "El Filibusterismo en Filipinas," describes the first national elections in the Philippines from which Bonifacio emerged as the President, and Plata, Jacinto, del Rosario, Pantas and Pacheco as cabinet officials. This is corroborated by the February 8, 1897 issue of the international publication "La Ilustracion Espanola y Americana" in its article about the Philippine revolution and which featured an engraved portrait of "Andres Bonifacio, Titulado 'Presidente' de la Republica Tagala,"**** clad in a dark suit and white tie.....

http://jesusabernardo.newsvine.com/_news/2008/11/29/2161186-gat-andres-bonifacio-the-anti-colonial-national-hero-of-the-philippines-bonifacio-series-i



Andres Bonifacio's Tagalog Nation & Predictions of Global Warming (Bonifacio Series II)

The revolutionary leader was Andres Bonifacio y de Castro, murdered May 10, 1897 in a remote moutain in the archipelagic islands the hero called the Haring Bayang Katagalugan (Sovereign Nation of Katagalugan). The name "Katagalugan," derives from"Tagalog," which is a constriction of the word "taga-ilog" that translates as "(person/people) from the area along the river," or simply, riverine. The hero's treacherous execution marked not only the elite takeover of the revolutionary mass movement he built but, as well, the adoption of a colonial name for his country well past into its independence period until today. Tagalog was junked and the old name given by Spain after its king, Philip II, stuck. Called "Las Islas de Filipinas" by Spain--a name favored even by its other elitist heroes--or "Philippine Islands," by its next colonial master, the United States of America, it is now called the Republic of the Philippines....

http://jesusabernardo.newsvine.com/_news/2009/05/10/2800625-andres-bonifacios-tagalog-nation-predictions-of-global-warming



The Devaluation of a Hero & Promotion of a Counter-Hero: Where's Andres Bonifacio in the P5 Coin? (Bonifacio Series III)

Noble Courage

At any rate, that Bonifacio is the "Father of Philippine Revolution" is undisputed, and his courage legendary. During World War II, his name even was even used by American propagandists to inspire anti-Japanese resistance. His persona was even adopted as a strong theme in the Hollywood World War II movie, "Back to Bataan," which starred John Wayne and Anthony Quinn.

http://jesusabernardo.newsvine.com/_news/2010/01/03/3710118-the-devaluation-of-a-hero-promotion-of-a-counter-hero-wheres-andres-bonifacio-in-the-p5-coin-bonifacio-series-iii


The Tragedy of the Katipunan: The Supremo's Assassination-cum-Execution (Bonifacio Series IV)

Isang kronolohiya ng Katipunan, ng paghahanda patungo sa Himagsikan ng 1896, at ng pagpapatalsik at krimeng "asasinasyon" (mga terminong ginamit ni Apolinario Mabini) na ginawa ng kampo ni Emilio F. Aguinaldo laban kay Supremo Andres Bonifacio y de Castro.

"Mabini supports his reading of Bonifacio's killing being criminal with a number of points:

- Bonifacio had no less schooling than any of those elected in the aforesaid assembly" and has even exhibited "an uncommon sagacity in organizing the Katipunan."
- All the electors in the Tejeros Convention "were friends of Don Emilio Aguinaldo and Don Mariano Trias, who were united."
-"Bonifacio, although he had established his integrity, was looked upon with distrust only because he was not a native of the province". - Despite Bonifacio's resentment, "he did not show it by any act of turbulent defiance, for, seeing that no one was working for reconciliation, he was content with quitting the province for San Mateo in the company of his br...

http://jesusabernardo.newsvine.com/_news/2011/05/10/6619505-the-tragedy-of-the-katipunan-the-supremos-assassination-cum-execution-bonifacio-series-iv



Andres Bonifacio, Unang Pangulo ng 'Pilipinas': Setting the Historiographic Record Straight (Bonifacio Series VI)

Unang Pangulo

Sa pagbabago o transformation ng KKK mula sa isang pagiging lihim na panghimagsik na samahan upang maging isang bukas at de facto na pamahalaan ng mga Tagalog* (lahat ng mga katutubong/indios mamamayan ng buong kapuluan), kikilos bilang isang organisadong pamahalaan ang mga anak ng Inang Bayan upang labanan at patatalsikin ang kolonyal na Kastila. Dito, ang pinuno ay walang iba kundi si Supremo/Generalissimo /PANGULONG Andres Bonifacio.

Itong pagbuo ng panghimagsikan o rebolusyonaryong pamahalaan na ito ang basehan ng isang artikulo sa isang Kastila-Amerikanong lathain kung saan itinanghal ang isang imahe ni Bonifacio na may titulong "'Presidente' de la Republica Tagala." Moreover, the election in the newly formed Katipunan national government called the Katagalan Republic was also recorded in a 1897 work by Spanish historian Jose M.del Castillo. Writing in his "El Katipunan" or "El Filibusterismo en Filipinas," Castillo reiterated the electoral results of what was, in effect, the very first national elections in the Philippine archipelago.

Aside from the apparently very impartial, foreign sources, local evidences of the title of President held by Bonifacio exist. Sa testimonya ni Dr. Pio Valenzuela, isang dating pinuno sa KKK, sa mga Kastila, pinatotohanan niya ang paghalal kay Bonifacio bilang Pangulo o pinuno ng binuong panghimagsikang pamahalaan, kasama ng iba pang nahalal na Katipunero (partikular ang nahuling si Del Rosario na isa sa mga nahirang na isakatuparan ang panghimagsikang pamahalaan lalo ang aspetong lokal na pamamahala).  Additionally, there were the telling Katipunan/revolutionary communications dated March-April 1897 that fortunately survived and which were released by Epifanio de los Santos in the late 1980s. Said communications that included letters and other important documents pointed to Bonifacio as occupying the highest post in the revolutionary government through varying titles:

    Pangulo ng Kataastaasang Kapulungan

    (President of the Supreme Council)

    Ang Kataastaasang Pangulo

    (The Supreme President)

    Pangulo nang Haring Bayang Katagalugan

    (President of the Sovereign Nation of Katagalugan)

    Ang Pangulo ng Haring Bayan

    May tayo nang K.K. Katipunan nang mga Anak ng Bayan,

    Unang nag galaw nang Panghihimagsik

    (The President Sovereign Nation Founder of the Katipunan, Initiator of the  Revolution)

    Kataastaasang Panguluhan,Pamahalaang Panghihimagsik

    (Office of the Supreme President, Government of the Revolution)

http://forthephilippines.blogspot.com/2011/12/andres-bonifacio-unang-pangulo-ng.html



The HACKING of the SUPREMO, Unang Bahagi (Bonifacio Series VII)

Ang Pagtadtad sa Supremo?

Sa bahagi nang pagharap ni Supremo sa kamatayan angat ang kasinungalingan ni Makapagal kaya ito ring marahil bandang bahagi ng pagpatay ang naglalaman ng kung anong masidhing itinatago. Balik tayo sa tula (o naging lumang awit pa nga raw yata, ayon sa isang may beterano at retiradong historyador) na may temang putol-putol. Ang pilit kayang pinagtatakpan ni Makapagal sa mga kasinungalingan at hindi.tugma.sa.realided na mga mahahalagang puntos sa kanyang tatlong bersyon ay ang maaring katotohanan na kagimbal-gimbal at mala-hayup na pagkatay ang ginawa nilang pagpatay sa Supremo?


Masangkay Team Forensics

Ang talagang unang naglabas, o nagpasikat, na pinatay daw ang Supremo hindi sa pagbaril kundi sa pagkatay ay si Hen. Guillermo Masangkay, kaibigan ni Bonifacio at nagsilbing militar na hepe noong Katipunan. Ayon kay Masangkay, dalawang sundalong tauhan ni Makapagal (na sa pamamahagi n historyador na si Prop. Michael Charlestone Chua, ay kasama sa berdugo team) na na ang noon ay malubha na ang lagay na si Bonifacio ay isinakay sa duyan at pinatay gamit ang bolo at bayoneta. Noong 1918, bumuo ng forensic team si Masangkay at si Epifanio de los Reyes at naghukay ng pinaniniwalaan nilang mga buto ng Supremo ayon sa mga detalyeng itinuro ng testigo o pinagkwentuhan ng testigo. Sinuri ang mga buto ng mga doktor na sina Sixto de los Angeles, Fidel Cuanjunco at Augusto Atenas sa Unibersidad ng Pilipinas. Wala pa namang DNA testing noon at batay sa best available science sa bansa, ang pag.describe sa mga buto na may mga tama ng bayoneta at bolo at may fractured skull ayon na rin sa sumbong sa kanya, ay nagkumbinsi kina Masangkay na talagang kay Bonifacio nga ang mga buto. 

http://forthephilippines.blogspot.com/2012/05/hacking-of-supremo-unang-bahagi.html



Ang Maalam na si Supremo Andres Bonifacio

Masyadong MAALAM si Supremo Andres Bonifacio y de Castro kung kaya't kita nito agad ang plagiarismo at gaya-gaya. In December 1896, he rejected future Gen. Edilberto Evangelista's proposal for the Katipunan to adopt a constitution because it was so similar to one made by a Spaniard.

http://jesusabernardo.blogspot.com/2011/11/ang-maalam-na-si-supremo-andres.html



Dakpin ang Supremo 'Dead or Alive'

Bakit ba hindi itinuturo sa mainstream na kasaysayan ng Pinas na ang binigay na kautusan ni Aguinaldo na dakpin si Supremo Andres Bonifacio ay DEAD or ALIVE???

26/27 April 1897 - “President” Emilio Aguinaldo sternly orders that the Bonifacio brothers be seized and brought before him dead or alive. Assigned were Col. Agapito Bonzon (alias Intong/Yntong), Felipe Topacio, and Jose Paua/Pawa (alias Insik Pawa).

27/28 April 1897 - The Supremo and brother Procopio are treacherously abducted by the forces of Bonzon and Paua … Bonzon shoots the Supremo in the arm. Paua then moves to kill the Katipunan Supreme President by stabbing him in the throat with a dagger but one of Bonifacio’s men plead that his life be taken instead. [According to Julio Nakpil, it was Lazaro who stabbed the Supremo].

http://jesusabernardo.blogspot.com/2011/11/dakpin-ang-supremo-dead-or-alive.html


Talumpati ni Supremo Andres Bonifacio sa Paggunita kina GOMBURZA

Supremo Andres Bonifacio:

Ang bayan, pinanunhan ng buong katiisan, at sa pagkat mahina, mahina sapagkat di magkakaisa sa pag daramdam at pag dadamayan…. ang malalin na pag hihimutog at nabigkas ang “May araw ring sisikat ang araw ng Katuiran, at magbabayad ang may mga utang.

http://jesusabernardo.blogspot.com/2011/04/talumpati-ni-supremo-andres-bonifacio.html


Ang Mga DAPAT MABATID Ng Mga TAGALOG/Taga-Ilog

Si Andres Bonifacio yaong walang kibo, nguni't dinaramdam at pinag-aaralang lahat ang daing ng kanyang bayan sa pang-aaping ginagawa sa kanya, at nangulo ng pag-uusig sa mga nang-aapi.

Ang magiting na iyan ang nagluwas sumuba sa Balintawak, at pati gabi'y ginagawang araw, maihanda lamang at maisagawa ang pagbangon ng bayang itong malaon ding inalipin.

Si Andres Bonifacio yaong matapang na hindi nilingon ang kakauntiang ng tao niyang kasama, kahinaan ng kanyang panlaban at kakapusang ng lahat ng kailangan, ay nagsimula ng isang gawaing napakalaki at dakila.

http://jesusabernardo.blogspot.com/2011/05/ang-mga-dapat-mabatid-ng-mga-taga-ilog.html


Sa Ika-119 Taon ng Pagkakatatag ng Katipunan ng manga Anak ng Bayan

Sa Ika-119 na pagkakatatag ng Kataastaasang, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan nang manga Anak nang Bayan (KKK), narito ang ilang batis:

Katipunan Founding

XXXX

The Liga Filipina was short-lived. On 6 July, Rizal was arrested and detained upon the orders of the Governor-General Eulogio Despujol. Two weeks later, he was sent to Dapitan, Mindanao, where he lived in exile for four years."

http://jesusabernardo.blogspot.com/2011/07/sa-ika-119-taon-ng-pagkakatatag-ng.html



Ang Ating Pagkabansa Dahil kay Supremo

Patriot Jose Mercado Rizal inspired Gat Andres Bonifacio y de Castro and the rest of the revolutionaries. Thing is, we should not forget that he disapproved of the 1896 revolution. Imagine if the Supremo did not do what he did? No Philippine Revolution. Kung nagkataon, the imperialist Bald Eagle nation had all the right to call us "insurectos" & colonized..

http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/JesusaBernardo/~3/7wSLqJvc8-A/ang-ating-pagkabansa-dahil-kay-supremo.html



Rizal, Bonifacio, at ang "Pahimakas" ("Mi Ultimo Adios")

We credit and laud Supremo Bonifacio for organizing and strengthening under very difficult colonial circumstances the Kataastaasan Kagalang-galang na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK), that noble society that aimed to liberate the country from the yoke of Spanish colonization.

Rizal provided a great inspiration for a nationwide assertion of independence. Bonifacio gave national life and force to Rizal's "filibuster" Elias character. Gat Rizal was being prudent disowning the Philippine Revolution of 1896. Supremo Bonifacio had the incredible historical foresight to push through with it despite initial lack of arms.

http://blog-by-taga-ilog-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/rizal-bonifacio-at-ang-pahimakas-mi.html



The Katipunan Founding Speech of Andres Bonifacio

How Bonifacio, who would still work with the La Liga until its disbandment, even becoming its chief of propaganda owing to his effective personality and communications skills, initiated and powered the Philippine Revolution is perhaps well seen in his speech on that fateful day of the KKK founding. The speech Bonifacio delivered so convinced his co-founders to establish the revolutionary organization, as follows:

Mga Capatid:

Tayo'y di mg?a pantás, caya hindî mariringal na talumpatî at dî maririkit na sulat ang ating idaraos; sa gawâ natin daanin: ang catubusa'y hindî nacucuha sa salita ó sa sulat; kinácamtan sa pagsasabog ng dugô."

Talastas na ninyo ang calupitáng guinawâ sa ating capatid na si Dr. Rizal, iya'y maliwanag na halimbawang nagpapakilala sa ating di tayo macaliligtas sa caalipnan cung dî daraanin sa pakikibaca.

http://blog-by-taga-ilog-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/katipunan-founding-speech-of-andres.html 



Si Gat Andres Bonifacio at ang Pagbuo ng PagkaBANSA

Hindi lamang Ama ng Himagsikan si Gat Andres Bonifacio y de Castro. Siya rin ang ama ng ating PAGKABANSA. (Yung nga lang, nagkadayaan sa Tejeros at na.coup siya, tapos na.Kangaroo Court at pinatay ng mga ganid at taksil....)

Si Andres Bonifacio naman ang bumuo sa isang himagsikan ng mga mamamayan. Ipinanganak siya sa Tondo noong Nobyembre 1863. Sa tulong ng Katipunan, pinalaganap ni Bonifacio ang konsepto ng bayan. Ibang iba ito sa konsepto ng nación ng mga ilustrado. Ito ay nakabatay sa pagbuo ng/kay Inang Bayan at pagtatag ng Haring Bayan (estadong bayan) para sa buong kapuluan (Republika ng Katagalugan). Sinasabing ang Inang Bayan ang dapat panggalingan ng pagbubuo dahil sa kanyang sinapupunan lamang nagkakaroon ng tunay na kabuuan. Sa ilalim ng iisang Inang Bayan, nagkakaroon ng kapatiran ng mga ito. Ginamit ni Bonifacio ang metapora ng mag-anak bilang simbolo ng pagkakaisa ng mga bayan sa buong kapuluan at noong Hulyo 6, 1892, itinatag niya ang Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK).

http://blog-by-taga-ilog-news.blogspot.com/2010/11/si-gat-andres-bonifacio-at-ang-pagbuo.html

The Tragedy of the Katipunan: The Supremo's Assassination-cum-Execution (Bonifacio Series IV)

by Jesusa Bernardo & Tony Donato
(updated August 30, 2011)

Unang (Panghimagsikang) Pangulo ng Tagalog/Pilipinas

May 10, 1897. Time of the Philippine Revolution against Spain. The infamous tragic day of the Katipunan. A day of combined shame and mourning for Tagalog/Filipino people. At Mt. Buntis, Maragondon, Cavite, the assassination-cum-execution of Andres Bonifacio y de Castro, Supreme President of the secret-society-turned-revolutionary-government Kataastaasang Kagalanggalangang Katipunan nang manga Anak nang Bayan, along with his brother Procopio. Killed under orders of Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy, that Katipunero the Supremo personally inducted but who managed to depose and eliminate him within only nine months from the outbreak of the Himagsikan.

Aguinaldo Camp's Account. True Account?

The story on the tragedy of the Philippine revolutionary government that was Katipunan when its co-founder, soul, driving force, and Generalissimo was eliminated is anything but clear and settled. The seemingly official Philippine government story embraces the Tejeros Convention all the way to the Council of War court martial records. This is seen in this History Today post of the National Historical Commission of the Philippines:

--Andrés Bonifacio is arrested by Aguinaldo’s men at barrio Limbon, near Indang, Cavite. --General Mariano Noriel sends a brief letter to President Aguinaldo in Naic informing him of the report of Colonel Agapito Bonzon, who arrested Andrés Bonifacio and some twenty followers, after an armed encounter in Barrio Limbon, Indang, Cavite.

http://www.nhi.gov.ph//index.php?option=com_today_in_history&th_days=28&th_month=4&Itemid=1&thAction=thDetailView&th_id=769

Judging from how the title "Supremo" or Katipunan "Supreme President" was nowhere to be found while Aguinaldo and the 'arresting' men were equipped with the titles "President," "General" and even the relatively lowly "Colonel" respectively. Also, the choice of the word "arrest" is so loaded with the assumption that Aguinaldo at that point wielded authority while Bonifacio did not.

This rather apparent critical tendency favoring Aguinaldo is seen as well in how he has dislodged the Supremo's position in the design of peso bills and coins. From having absolutely no presence in Philippine money, the Supremo's nemesis came to be featured in Philippine bills and coins. Aguinaldo's face first appeared in the P5 bill in the latter part of the Marcos presidency at a time when Bonifacio was in the P2 bill, second in billing only to Jose Rizal. By the time of Fidel Ramos, Bonifacio was relegated to the P10 bill, ironically sharing limelight with a figure historically associated not with him but with Aguinaldo--the Great Paralytic, Apolinario Mabini y Maranan.

The devaluation of Bonifacio and appreciation of Aguinaldo in Philippine historiography, money, and government-sponsored textbooks/web posts seem to have begun with the administration of President Diosdado Macapagal, a descendant of Lazaro Makapagal. President Macapagal, in a move that can be applauded for defying the imperialist United States' continuing hegemony, changed the independence day of the Philippines from the American-sponsored July 4, 1946 to the date declared by Aguinaldo, June 12, 1898. Some history-conscious critics charge that Macapagal's move was designed to cleanse the family from the stigma of their ancestor Makapagal being the berdugo (executioner) of the Supremo. Whether President Diosdado acted from sheer nationalist motivations or from the impulsion to restore family honor, the change in independence day would help pave the way to elevating a dubious, if not antagonist revolutionary figure that was Aguinaldo.. [Check out: The Devaluation of a Hero & Promotion of a Counter-Hero: Where's Andres Bonifacio in the P5 Coin?]

The bottom line is that with the depreciation of the Father of the Philippine Revolution and the appreciation of his murderously power-grabbing nemesis, Aguinaldo, the great injustice of the coup and kangaroo-court trial and execution committed against the Supremo is glossed over.

Perhaps, this should not be that surprising considering that the Aguinaldo family's influence lives on. A granddaughter of Aguinaldo became, Ameurfina Herrera, became Associate Justice while two grandsons became mayor of Kawit. A great grandsons became congressman to the 13th and 14th congress--Joseph Emilio Abaya. Presently, two Aguinaldo descendants occupy the top government posts in Kawit, Cavite--Mayor Reynaldo Aguinaldo and Vice-Mayor Emilio Orange Aguinaldo IV. Former Prime Minister Cesar Virata is Aguinaldo's grandnephew to his cousin Baldomero. There's even a great grandson serving as shrine curator for, well, the Aguinaldo Shrine.

The Supremo's history from their memoirs

The same cannot be said of the Bonifacios with nil descendants given that the Supremo's family was nearly entirely wiped out by Aguinaldo's orders. In fact, a television documentary shows a descendant apparently through the Supremo's sister--the only one spared of the Bonifacio carnage--recounting how their ancestors had to hide from the Supremo's enemies to keep safe.

Fortunately for the Supremo, there survive accounts that give the side of Bonifacio and the Magdiwang faction--his letters to Emilio Jacinto y Dizon or Julio Nakpil,  the memoirs of generals Artemio Ricarte alias "Vibora" and Santiago Alvarez, and also Nakpil's "Notes on the Philippine Revolution" ('Apuntes Sobre La Revolucion Filipina'). These documents and accounts mostly counter the version of Aguinaldo's Magdalo, which dominates Philippine history books. To cite, the Katipunan phase of the Himagsikan as written by Teodoro Agoncillo mostly speaks from the perspective of Aguinaldo. The "Revolt of the Masses" by Agoncillo, whose books have for a long time been used as virtual standard reference in at least some colleges including the University of the Philippines, actually proceeds as if the Alvarez memoirs did not exist.

CHRONOLOGY of the TRAGEDY 

December 1985 - Andres Bonifacio y de Castro becomes Supremo of the Katipunan; according to Pio Valenzuela, Bonifacio's assumption of KKK leadership, along with the earlier entry of Emilio Jacinto, is mainly responsible for the growth of the movement.

14 March 1896 - Supremo Andres Bonifacio inducts Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy into the Katipunan, the latter assuming the nom de guerre Magdalo. The initiation process took a particularly longer time than usual, as Aguinaldo kept wrongly responding in a "Masonic" manner instead of in the Katipunan manner (Alvarez).

Middle-later March 1896 - Aguinaldo figures in an altercation with Ramon Padilla y Garcia, future martyr of Bagumbayan, who is supposedly boastful and uncouth; the Supremo intervenes, noting that it may be necessary "to defend the honor of our brother [Aguinaldo] here,"and sends an emissary to Padilla to ask him to apologize to Aguinaldo but if he refuses, they are to engage in a duel: Santiago notes Aguinaldo's nervousness over the prospect of a duel and feels his pounding heart but Padilla eventually apologizes. (Alvarez)

1st Week April 1896 - Supremo, Pio Valenzuela, Emilio Jacinto, and Pantaleon Torres arrive at Noveleta, Cavite to establish a provincial council of the KKK, with Mariano "Mainam" Alvarez as president; to be known as Magdiwang, said chapter would later be acknowledged as responsible for successful campaigns against the enemy Spaniards by the time the Himagsikan breaks out. (Alvarez)

-- later, Santiago Alvarez accompanies the Supremo's group to the Aguinaldo yard to organize another KKK council, to be called Magdalo; on the evening just before the initiation ceremonies for new Katipunan recruits, shouts of "Fire, fire in Manila" are heard [later, the house of Bonifacio and others would ravaged by the fire]. (Alvarez)

Latter part of May 1896 - Bonifacio sends Pio Valenzuela as emissary to Jose Rizal, seeking advice as to whether to push through with the revolution.

- Valenzuela returns, talks with Bonifacio in private and the two thereafter kept their silence on the issue, triggering speculations that Rizal is against the Revolution (Alvarez).

21 Aug. 1896 - Bonifacio and Jacinto change the Katipunan code to numeric two days after the Spanish colonial authorities confirmed the existence of the Katipunan; as arrests continue, some 500 Katipuneros leave Balintawak for neighboring Kangkong.

August. 1896 - The Katipunan Supreme Council elects the leader of the revolutionary government:

Andres Bonifacio, Supremo/President
Teodoro Plata, Secretary of War
Emilio Jacinto, Secretary of State
Aguedo del Rosario, Secretary of Interior
Briccio Pantas, Secretary of Justice
Enrique Pacheco, Secretary of Finance.

(This election would be recorded in the February 8, 1897 issue of the Spanish-American publication La Ilustracion Española y Americana about the Philippine revolution. The article featured an engraved portrait of "Andres Bonifacio, Titulado 'Presidente' de la Republica Tagala," clad in a dark suit and white tie. Nineteenth century Spanish historian Jose M. del Castillo also document the first national elections in his 1897 writing "El Katipunan" or "El Filibusterismo en Filipinas.") 

24 Aug. 1896 - Katipuneros arrive at the barn of Melchora Aquino for their hurried National Assembly, with Supremo Andres Bonifacio and members of the Supreme Council (Kataastaasang Kapulungan), heads of the supramunicipal (sangunian) and chapter (balangay) units of the Katipunan in attendance; American colonial military historian John R. M. Taylor will later come to the conclusion that the Katipunan was the first national government of the Philippines, writing that Bonifacio turned the Katipunan "lodges into battalions, his grandmasters into captains, and the supreme council of the Katipunan" into a revolutionary body fighting for independence against colonial Spain.

25 Aug. 1896 - Revolutionary Filipinos led by Bonifacio win the first skirmish of the Himagsikan against colonial Spain, forcing the retreat of Spanish civil guards and infantrymen who opened fire at the Katipuneros in their temporary headquarters at the barn of Melchora Aquino in Caloocan.

26 Aug. 1896 - Bonifacio unfurls the Katipunan flag in Balintawak five (5) days after the Spaniards ascertained the existence of the KKK.

27 Aug. 1896 - Katipuneros led by the Supremo proceed from Marikina to Hagdang Bato.

28 Aug. 1896 - Bonifacio issues a manifesto setting August 29 as the start of the general uprising against Spain.

29 Aug. 1896 - The Katipuneros led by its Supremo Bonifacio, start the general uprising against Spain midnight of this day, a Saturday, with its first offensive attacking an isolated colonial garrison in Luzon; Aguinaldo's group from Cavite fails to arrive as planned and the initial major salvo is unsuccessful. (Salazar)

30 Aug. 1896 - Spanish Governor-General Blanco declares the state of war and martial law in eight provinces: Manila, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, Laguna, Cavite, and Batangas.

5 September 1896 - Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy, mayor of Kawit wins a signal victory in Imus against the Spanish forces led by Gen. Aquirre. From then, on he was known as Gen. Miong, hero to the Magdalos, if not Cavitenos.

19 Sept. 1896 - Antonio San Agustin Salazar, Filipino mason, confesses to knowing Bonifacio and would become one of the Bagumbayan Martyrs executed within a few months in connection with the Himagsikan--ushering in the "reign of terror" by the Spanish colonizers.

31 October 1896 - Aguinaldo issues two manifestos: (1) defines the revolution's aims as independence and "Liberty, Equality and Fraternity," and (2) calls for the formation of a central revolutionary government.

17 December 1896 - the Supremo arrives in Cavite, in response to the invitation of the Magdiwang KKK chapter in the province for the purpose of resolving their rivalry with the rival Magdalo chapter.

18 December 1896 - Bonifacio receives a warm welcome: riding, along with Sec. Emilio Jacinto, a luxurious horse-driven carriage, Col. Santos Nocon provides the honor guard of cavalry detachment; Magdalo secretary of war Daniel Tirona rides abreast on the right side of the Supremo and with his sword drawn, shouts "Long Live the Supremo" every time they pass by large crowds. (Alvarez)

- at the San Francisco de Malabon, a Magdiwang territory, some people in the crowd would shout "Long Live the King," with the Supremo shouting back "Long Live Motherland!" (Alvarez)

Circa Mid-to-Late December 1896 - the Supremo is in Cavite, in response to the invitation of the Magdiwang KKK chapter in the province for the purpose of resolving their rivalry with the rival Magdalo chapter.

-- Baldomero Aguinaldo proposes the establishment of a revolutionary government, with Edilberto Evangelista submitting a constitution for the proposed government; the Supremo rejects the charter, finding it plagiarized. Those who favor the Katipunan argued that it has its own constitution & by-laws and that it is already a (revolutionary) government.

Post-Christmas 1896 - Smear propaganda against the Supremo circulates, including in the form of poison letters, in rebel towns particularly in San Francisco de Malabon where Bonifacio is greatly respected and admired, with Tirona as suspect: Bonifacio is villified for supposedly not believing in God; having low education; being  mere lowly hired help in a firm dealing with tiles and with no other income; that he was an agent of the friars, with his sister being a paramour of a Spanish curate. (Alvarez)

- With some of the poison letters reaching the Supremo when a number of disbelieving recipients voluntarily  turn over the poison letters to him, Bonifacio demands an explanation from Tirona at the home of Col. Nocon: Tirona haughtily & defiantly dismisses the accusations, prompting the Supremo to nearly shoot at Tirona if not for the intercession of some women present. (Alvarez)

29 December 1896 - Magdiwang and Magdalo leaders meet to discuss how to settle differences in revolutionary struggle and also a plot to snatch Rizal on the eve of his execution scheduled by the Spanish colonial authorities:

- exploration of unified leadership fails because of dispute over which leadership should prevail; Bonifacio asks Aguinaldo, secretary of the meeting, to record a motion forwarded re the framing of a constitution [despite the fact that the KKK already had one] but Aguinaldo asks that the matter be deferred at the moment. (Alvarez)

Circa early 1897 - Magdiwang faction building up secret enemies--Katipuneros who had been rebuffed or dismissed for insubordination, including Mariano Trias who refused to give up his private army.

January 1897 - Magdiwang is major Katipunan force in Cavite, with 3,400 guns compared to Magdalo's 2000 and had decidedly bigger territories covered

February 1897 - According to the Alvarez's memoirs, Supremo Andres Bonifacio, Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo, Mariano Trias and Procopio Bonifacio were poised to come to blows over defamatory idle talk but was prevented by "Apoy" Alvarez and Artemio Ricarte who manage to soothe the feelings of the four men.

14 Feb. 1897 - The Spaniards begin their 52-day offensive at Cavite. Within days, the colonizers would begin to successively retake rebel towns under the Magdalo faction of the Katipunan but not so much the Magdiwang. The council and members of Magdalo would withdraw to San Francisco de Malabon and try to hold meetings in other Magdiwang territories  (Delos Santos; Alvarez) 

1st/ 2nd week of March 1897 - The Magdalo faction invites the Magdiwang for a general assembly purportedly to draw up some revolutionary strategy; Baldomero Aguinaldo, Emiliano Riego de Dios, Santiago, Daniel Tirona (local war minister), Severino de las Alas, etc. from the Magdalo camp mainly prepare the arrangement (Alvarez).

22 March 1897 - Instead of being a general assembly to map up some joint revolutionary strategy, the Tejeros Convention elects officers of a new revolutionary body in a scandalous and fraudulent fashion. The Supremo has agreed to the hasty elections provided everyone respects the results. "Elected" are the following:

President Emilio Aguinaldo

Vice-President Mariano Trías

Captain-General Artemio Ricarte

Director of War Emiliano Riego de Dios

Director of the Interior Andrés Bonifacio

• Tirona scandalously objects to Bonifacio's election on supposed grounds of the latter's lack of qualifications, prodding (unsuccessfully) the crowd to elect lawyer Jose del Rosario, Magdalo's interior minister, instead. Bonifacio, as chairman of the Convention, declares the proceedings null and void on grounds of grave violations of the prior agreement to honor the electoral results.
• (Alvarez's memoirs narrate the earlier unheeded warning given by Magdiwang Council Treasury Secretary Diego Mojica to the Supremo as to the use of pre-filled ballots)

23 March 1897 - Bonifacio, along with over 40 other Katipuneros, signs the Acta de Tejeros that nullifies the fraudulent and anomalous Tejeros Convention.

24 March 1897 - Aguinaldo takes his office as "President" in secret, with Catholic priest (under Spanish authority) Cenon Villafranca officiating, despite Bonifacio's nullification of the Tejeros polls in the latter's capacity as presiding officer and the manifestos and speeches  circulated in connection with the scandalous elections. (Alvarez)

• Artemio Ricarte y Garcia reluctantly also takes his oath of office after being elected the General-in-Chief of the Revolutionary Army during the anomalous Tejeros Convention. He insinuates that his eventual oath-taking came under a sort of duress: "That they kill me that same night, for the reasons above cited, or that they give me three hours, or at least one hour, to think over what I must necessarily do in order to accept said office; this second request was but a mere pretext, in order to enable me to absent myself from that Assembly.  I obtained nothing of what I requested, because not even one of them gave me his assent."(Ricarte) 

• that same day, Ricarte makes a declaration stating his "great reluctance" over the oath-taking amidst what he described as "dirty or shady practices in the manner" of the Tejeros Convention elections and his doubts about his capacity to serve as chief general. (Alvarez's memoirs describes the oath-taking a having been done surreptitiously and with posted guards ready to eliminate unwanted Magdiwang figures who would try to break through the proceedings).

28 (or so) March 1897 - the Supremo leads the Magdiwangs and Gen. Apoy in intercepting the enemies who three days earlier had captured and occupied Imus: with the arrival of great enemy reinforcements, Bonifacio ordered a tactical retreat. (Alvarez)

3 April 1897 - the Supremo even fought in the bid to recapture Noveleta that had earlier fallen into Spanish hands, inflicting heavy losses to the enemy but still unable to dislodge them. (Alvarez)  

Around 1st week April 1897 -  Three of Magdalo's top officers--Tirona and his lawyer candidate, del Rosario, and Lt. Gen. Juan Cailles, surrender to the colonial Spanish authorities. (Alvarez)

7 April 1897 - the Supremo warmly welcomes Emilio and Baldomero Aguinaldo at his office at a friar estate in Naic, discussing the need to punish Tirona and Cailles who had betrayed the revolution by surrendering to the Spaniards; the Aguinaldos agree. (Alvarez)

Around 7- 14 April 1897 - for a week, the Aguinaldos would exhibit close cooperation and comradeship, leading to the agreement for the Magdiwang to lend guns to the Magdalos who volunteered to fight to enable the Magdiwang troops to briefly rest. Bonifacio blesses the plan, and even had his Balara contingent contribute to the gun loan (Alvarez)

Middle - end of April - with the Magdiwang guns in their hands, the Magdalos entrenched their positions and Aguinaldo consolidate his forces. (Alvarez)

15 April 1897 - Bonifacio appoints Jacinto as Supreme Commander of all revolutionary forces in Manila.

16 April 1897 - The Supremo writes Jacinto, ascribing the failure of the Katipunan in defending Cavite against Spanish troops to factionalism and relays the deceitfulness of Magdalo faction led by Capitan Aguinaldo in apparently scheming to abandon the Revolution and forge a deal with the enemy Spaniards.

• Bonifacio adds that he needed to nullify all the resolutions that were adopted in the fraudulent and scandalously anomalous Tejeros Convention owing to the dirty tactics of Magdalo in the bid to discredit him and the Katipunan.

17 April 1897 - Aguinaldo forms his [nearly all-Caviteno] cabinet or officers of the "republic" (Alvarez):

Emilio Aguinaldo - President

Mariano Trias - Vice-President

Pascual Alvarez - Secretary of the Interior (Executive Offices)

Baldomero Aguinaldo - Secretary of Finance

Jacinto Lumbreras - Secretary of State

Severino de las Alas - Secretary of Justice

Mariano Alvarez - Secretary of Development

Emiliano Riego de Dios - Secretary of War

Artemio Ricarte - Captain General

19 April 1897 - The Supremo and other signatories sign the Naik Military Agreement declaring that several Filipino revolutionaries (referring to but not naming the camp of Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy) had committed treason against the nation and the revolution by negotiating for peace with the enemy Spaniards. They declare that they are not bound to recognize the authority of the traitors and that all revolutionary forces shall be unified under the command of Gen. Pio del Pilar.

24 April 1897 - Bonifacio confides his fear that his company seems to be in danger not only from the Spanish enemy but, also, from the local [Caviteno] revolutionary leaders in a letter to Jacinto. The Supremo also writes about the detestable acts of treason/collaboration with the enemy Spaniards that was engaged in by certain Magdalo members, partisans of Aguinaldo such as Tirona, Mtro. De Guerra, Jose del Rosario, Jose Caelles, and "almost all Tanza residents along with the priest there," as well as the fraud and anomaly that characterized the Tejeros Convention.

27 April 1897 - "President" Aguinaldo sternly orders that the Bonifacio brothers be seized and brought before him dead or alive. Assigned were Col. Agapito Bonzon (alias Intong/Yntong), Felipe Topacio, and Jose Paua/Pawa (alias Insik Pawa) who, along with some men, leave Naic for Indang in the afternoon. (Alvarez) [Note: Other sources place this day of order as April 26]

• Reaching Indang, Bonzon and company apparently survey the size of Bonifacio's forces. They are warmly greeted by the Supremo who even address them as "my brethren" before they leave, claiming they are only looking for enemy trails. (Alvarez)

28 April 1897 - The Supremo and brother Procopio are treacherously abducted by the forces of Bonzon and Paua who return in the morning. They violently attack the Bonifacio brothers and men in a surprise move that instantly kills Ciriaco Bonifacio. (Alvarez). [Note: Other reports will point to the afternoon of April 27 as the time of the Bonifacio abduction].

• Bonzon shoots the Supremo in the arm. Paua then moves to kill the Katipunan Supreme President by stabbing him in the throat with a dagger but one of Bonifacio's men plead that his life be taken instead. (Alvarez)  [According to Julio Nakpil, it was Lazaro who stabbed the Supremo]

• Procopio is badly beaten; Andres Bonifacio's wife, Gregoria de Jesus, is also abducted and brought to Naic, with the weakened Supremo brought in a hammock. His wife is raped by Yntong. (Court martial record tell of unsuccessful rape; but recent sources tell rape did occur, such as Ocampo, cited in Duka).

• The Bonifacio brothers are taken to a cramped prison without the right to accept visitors. They are also negligibly fed. (Alvarez; Duka)

29 April 1897 - Several Magdiwang leaders meet at a house in Naic to discuss a plan to rescue the Supremo; Generals "Mainam" and his son "Apoy" were not invited because the former was included in the Magdalo line up as welfare director as the latter was said to be opposed to any move that would cause civil war. The formation of a bolo regiment to pretend to reinforce the Naic estate house guards but would suddenly and simultaneously strike at a given signal is approved. The plan fails to materialize because of the unexpected Spanish attack on Indang and Naic. (Alvarez)

30 April 1897 - Luciano San Miguel tells Apoy of news circulating among the military top brass of Aguinaldo's "Republic" about the general objection among the revolutionary government's chiefs and military officers to the arrest of the Supremo. (Alvarez)

The Supremo's antagonists

Bonifacio "Trial" Proper: 28 April - 4 May 1897

Noriel, head of the court martial body, unabashedly prejudges the Supremo by asking the "Most Respected and Distinguished President" Aguinaldo to judge the extent of the evil and treacherous intentions of Andres Bonifacio. Fourteen persons testify in the very swift course of the court martial, with the trial proper taking only a mere 6 days: Benito Torres; Procopio Bonifacio; Nicolas Guzman; Rafael Non; Narciso Tiolo; Julian Aguila; Cayetano Lopez; Bibiano Rojas; Pedro Giron; Domingo Denlaso; Domingo San Juan; Gervacio Santiago; Andres Bonifacio; Gregoria de Jesus. (Court martial records).

The Supremo testifies that he did not know of the existence of any other revolutionary government (other than the Katipunan) because Aguinaldo was not validly elected, as partly based on the statement of Artemio Ricarte and that he was unaware if any oath-taking has taken place. (Alvarez).

The Supremo also belies the accusation that he ever fired his gun: evidence based on his gun as confiscated byYntong's group shows that, indeed, the gun was unfired.

Only Pedro Giron testifies about the supposed plot by the Supremo to have Aguinaldo assassinated. All the other witnesses summoned are unaware of said plots or never even heard of them. (Alvarez)

Investigating officer Pantaleon Garcia submits his findings to Emilio Aguinaldo who endorsed the same to his cousin and court auditor Baldomero Aguinaldo.

Council of War and Decision: May 5-8 1897

May 5

Noriel calls for a meeting of the Council of War on May 5. The Supremo would not be allowed to deliver a defense speech, despite requesting the panel twice for that right, with the official records showing that the request has been turned down supposedly because Bonifacio has only been repeating his account made during the court examination.

The counsels make their speeches: Placido Martinez for the Supremo and Teodoro Gonzalez and for Procopio. The prosecutor is Jose Elises. The court-appointed lawyer of the Supremo, Martinez, is rather scandalously a Council of War panel member. He attacks the Supremo, prejudging him for his supposed "evil" act of trying to kill Aguinaldo, before begging the court that clemency be granted his 'client.'

The court martial proceedings are suspended, with the minutes of the hearing signed by Noriel, Mariano Riego de Dios, Crisostomo Riel, Estevan Ynfante, T. Mascardo, Sulpicio Antony, and Placido Martinez.

May 6

The court martial declares the Bonifacio brothers guilty and deserving of the punishment of being shot to death--despite Giron being the only one to testify about the supposed plan to assassinate Aguinaldo and the Supremo's gun actually having been unfired. The decision, subsequently for forwarding to Aguinaldo, are signed by Mariano Noriel, the Council President, Tomas Mascardo, and Esteban Ynfante, and attested to by Council Secretary Lazaro Makapagal.

May 8

Baldomero Aguinaldo upholds the Council of War decision declaring the Supremo and his brother 'guilty' of supposedly (a.) firing at "government soldiers;" (b.) intention of "overthrowing the government" and killing Aguinaldo based [mainly] on Giron's testimony; and (c.) using money to induce "government soldiers" to transfer allegiance to him:

...it appears true that the Bonifacio brothers, Andres, Ciriaco, and Procopio, had the intention of overthrowing the government of the Tagalogs, of killing the President, and of resisting the government army forces. Because of these crimes, they deserve the punishment [death by shooting] dictated by the Council.

The Assassination-cum-Execution

On the morning of May 10, 1897, the Supremo and brother Procopio were taken out of their cramped prison and brought to the mountains of Maragondon, Cavite. The day before was the birthday of his wife but, of course, there was no celebration, not even physical union and, instead, torment and misery over the murderous injustice wrought he would dared put into revolutionary action the most patriotic aspiration for liberation against Spain.

There are differing accounts of how the end came to the great Supremo. Wikipedia sums up both the orthodox and unorthodox accounts of the "execution" a.k.a. power-grabbing murder, from Lazaro, Alvarez, and other recent scholarships:

The Supremo & brother Procopio,
"execution" via assassination
Photo art: JB

There are differing accounts of Bonifacio's manner of execution. The commanding officer of the execution party, Lazaro Macapagal, said in two separate accounts that the Bonifacio brothers were shot to death, which is the orthodox interpretation. Macapagal's second account has Bonifacio attempting to escape after his brother is shot, but he is also killed while running away. Macapagal writes that they buried the brothers in shallow graves dug with bayonets and marked by twigs.[10]

However, another account states that after his brother was shot, Bonifacio was stabbed and hacked to death. This was allegedly done while he lay prone in a hammock in which he was carried to the site, being too weak to walk.[47] This version was maintained by Guillermo Masangkay, who claimed to have gotten this information from one of Macapagal's men.[10] Also, one account used to corroborate this version is of an alleged eyewitness, a farmer who claimed he saw five men hacking a man in a hammock.[47] Historian Milagros Guerrero also says Bonifacio was bayoneted, and that the brothers were left unburied.[84] After bones said to be Bonifacio's - including a fractured skull - were discovered in 1918, Masangkay claimed the forensic evidence supported his version of events.[10] Writer Adrian Cristobal notes that accounts of Bonifacio's captivity and trial state he was very weak due to his wounds being left untreated; he thus doubts that Bonifacio was strong enough to make a last dash for freedom as Macapagal claimed.[47] Historian Ambeth Ocampo, who doubts the Bonifacio bones were authentic, thus also doubts the possibility of Bonifacio's death by this manner.[10]

Aguinaldo's Coup. Clear as Day.

Aguinaldo's intent to grab Himagsikan power and supersede the Katipunan with his own revolutionary government is reflected in a series of developments that rather swiftly took place in a matter of nine months from the outbreak of the Philippine Revolution against Spain. Aguinaldo's October 1896 proclamation foreshadowed his controversial rise to revolutionary leadership via power grab as it revealed his ambitious intent from the start. From the October 1896 proclamation to the fraudulent Tejeros & subsequent surreptitious oath-taking, to their deliberate failure to return the guns lent them by the Magdiwang (enabling them to consolidate military forces), to the treacherous  'dead or alive' attack on and abduction of the Bonifacios, to the 'kangaroo court' Council of War trial, to the surreptitious "execution" [considered by Mabini as "assassination"], Aguinaldo's scheme to seize power is clear as day.

Additionally, the fact that Aguinaldo assigned a close relative--from the Magdalo camp at that--to the Council of War court that (seditiously) tried the Supremo perhaps shows the first case of nepotism in the Philippine government. This Aguinaldo nepotism of assigning Baldomero as the court martial Auditor exercised in a literally death-deciding and critically important body betrays not only distasteful lack of delicadeza but, moreover, lends further evidence to the apparently kangaroo court and seditious character of Bonifacio's "trial."

Beyond the issue of Bonifacio's assassination-cum-execution serving to seal Aguinaldo's coup, the developments from October 1896 to May 10, 1897 may perhaps trigger the question of whether Aguinaldo deserved the leadership more than Bonifacio. That is, amidst traditional or government-published history books/articles showing Aguinaldo's supposed excellent military and political skills, was his insubordination and power grab against Bonifacio justified?

While it is true that Bonifacio did not win any major battle under his direct leadership, all battles should be attributed to him, as historian Milagros Guerrero pointed out, he being the Supremo. Also, Bonifacio seemed to have reeled from the first major encounter, the Battle of Pugad Lawin that was lost because of the failure [suspiciously?] of Aguinaldo's group to show up as planned (Salazar). More importantly, Manila, Bonifacio's battleground, was simply the area most difficult to win as it was the most heavily fortified and defended by the enemy Spaniards, it being the colonial seat of government. Even Aguinaldo, during the second phase of the Revolution, failed to get Manila, or at least potentially had it last (until he stupidly allowed the imperialist and racist Americans to stage the Mock Battle of Manila).

Another point negating any claim of pre-Council of War de facto Aguinaldo leadership is the fact that it was really the Magdiwang and not the Magdalo that was winning more battles against the Spaniards in Cavite. At least this was the case around January 1897: during around the time of the scandalous and fraudulent Tejeros Convention when the Spaniards concentrated on Cavite, Magdiwang still had its turfs but not so the Magdalo faction. This is reflected both in the Supremo's summer 1897 letter to Jacinto/Nakpil and in the memoirs of Gen. Alvarez. In fact, his Magdalo faction had already been driven out of their Cavite territories by the Spanish forces such that Aguinaldo had to surreptitiously take his oath of office in a parish in MAGDIWANG turf--even assigning LOOKOUTS to ensure that the unwanted Magdiwang figures didn't get hold of their seditious activity.

Andres Bonifacio y de Castro, "Father of Philippine Revolution"

Making Sense of the Tragedy

There have been different interpretations of the deposing and killing, nay murder, of Bonifacio. An insightful, informed, and objective one comes no less than from Aguinaldo's own former Prime Ministers, Mabini. Aguinaldo's own handpicked adviser during the second phase of the Philippine Revolution, Mabini described Bonifacio's supposed execution as an "assassination"...as a "crime" on the part of Aguinaldo that "was the first victory of personal ambition over true patriotism."

Mabini supports his reading of Bonifacio's killing being criminal with a number of points:

1. "Bonifacio had no less schooling than any of those elected in the aforesaid assembly" and has even exhibited "an uncommon sagacity in organizing the Katipunan."
2. All the electors in the Tejeros Convention "were friends of Don Emilio Aguinaldo and Don Mariano Trias, who were united."
3. "Bonifacio, although he had established his integrity, was looked upon with distrust only because he was not a native of the province".
4. Despite Bonifacio's resentment, "he did not show it by any act of turbulent defiance, for, seeing that no one was working for reconciliation, he was content with quitting the province for San Mateo in the company of his brothers."

Close reading of other contemporary sources or authors lend support to Mabini's points and conclusions.

Pt. 1

The belittling of Bonifacio's intellectual capacity, despicably first used by Tirona to undermine Bonifacio's election in the Tejeros Convention, sadly continues to this day despite glaring evidence to the contrary. Ed Aurelio Reyes of Kamalaysayan writes about a high school teacher who ridiculously taught about the Supremo being illiterate. This well shows how continuing anti-Bonifacio propaganda from the pro-Aguinaldo camp can foster pathetic ignorance.

Contrary to such awfully ignorant claims, the Supremo was an intelligent, well-read man--in fact, a voracious reader of myriad volumes of books in several FOREIGN languages, such as The French Revolution, Les Miserables, The Wandering Jew, Lives of the Presidents of the United States, and Jose Rizal's La Solidaridad, Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo. Beyond uncanny organizational prowess, Bonifacio exhibited considerable intelligence. For one, how can someone who wrote the Dekalogo, and poems like "Tapunan ng Lingap" and the beautifully moving "Pag-Ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa," the powerful July 1892 Katipunan founding speech, and a host of other Katipunan communications and personal letters to his Katipunero comrades and others be "no read no write"? In fact, even Teodoro Agoncillo concedes that the Supremo's work, Ang Dapat Mabatid ng Mga Tagalog, is responsible for the rapid geometric increase of the membership of the Katipunan in 1896. (Reyes)

Moreover, Bonifacio, presumably along with other Katipunan leaders, showed smart thinking by way of adopting secret codes for Katipunan communications that made them evade discovery by the Spaniards for some four years. The earlier codes involved “monoalphabetic substitution cipher” and was replaced by the Supremo with a numerical one by 1896.

And mind you, Bonifacio became chief propagandist of La Liga Filipina, that body populated by the ilustrados of their time. If the Katipunan Supremo were any bit unlettered and stupid, he could not possibly have assumed official position in the La Liga. That grossly misinformed teacher would probably find it hard doing propaganda work even in his/her own barrio.

Bonifacio was also intelligent enough to be able to discern the plagiarism in the constitution proposed to him by Edilberto Evangelista and Severino de las Alas. Alvarez writes that the Supremo turned down the constitution because it would have been embarrassing to use a charter mainly copied from one written done by a Spanish minister, Antonio Maura. [Compare that with Aguinaldo's decision to use the plagiarized-from-the-Cuban-Constitution "Biak na Bato" constitution.]

Pt. 2

Mariano Trias was a former Magdiwang who defected to Aguinaldo's Magdalo because he was earlier embarrassed and hurt by Ricarte's criticism of his and others' anomalous use of private armies that refused to be subordinated to the Katipunan. Tirona was not only close to Aguinaldo but was months earlier responsible for engaging in the character assassination of Bonifacio using poison letters and gossips to maliciously discredit the Supremo as godless Mason, a lowly hired employee, etc. (Alvarez). Beyond the electors being close to Aguinaldo, the Tejeros Convention was also grievously fraudulent as attested by Ricarte, Molina and recorded by Alvarez.

Pt. 3

Mabini was essentially pointing to Cavitism when he wrote about the "distrust" the Supremo suffered despite his display of integrity. That regionalism figured in the tragedy of the Katipunan can be gleaned from the events and writings during the fateful summer months of 1897.

Around February or March, Bonifacio wrote to Jacinto about "the enmity [in Cavite] between the two factions is very great," with the Magdalo wishing "to rule all and the entire Katagalugan "(Philippines) as they exclusively talk of the "Government of Imus" (Gobierno ng Imus) [being] recognized there and throughout Europe..." Bonifacio continues:

The government they try to establish here is as follows: President and General-in-Chief "Magdalo" (Magdalo); Director of Military Work "Baldomero" (Baldomero) and those of "Magdiwang" (Magdiwang) will simply act as subdirector or subminister.** This plan truly "disgusted" (ikinapuot) the "ministers of Magdiwang" (Ministros ng Magdiwang), who saw through their "game that if Imus is elected" (politica na kung napipili ang Imus) "they will govern here in Malabon" (mamahala dito sa Malabon). The selfishness of "Magdalo" (Magdalo) is truly "disgusting" (nakasuklam) and has been the cause of their many reverses."

The nearly all-Caviteno composition of the winners in the anomalous Tejeros Convention, along with the cabinet that Aguinaldo will subsequently form, also perhaps betrays the issue of Cavitism. Apart from Bonifacio, Ricarte, who was an Ilocano, was also elected in Tejeros; it should be noted, however, that Ricarte was already a permanent resident there who transferred from teaching from Manila to Cavite. While Bonifacio's letter points to the factionalism within Cavite itself, it seemed that the fraudulent Tejeros Convention was used to cement Caviteno hold on the Revolution. Why so? Amidst the fact that Ricarte was a Magdiwang who took his oath of office, no matter his great reluctance and pressure tactics applied on him, one can argue that Aguinaldo and province mates tried to resolve the Magdiwang-Magdalo factionalism by booting out an outsider, namely Bonifacio.

Did Cavitism prevail? That is debatable. Gen. Mariano "Mainam" Alvarez, a Caviteno, refused to fight the Spaniards under the forces of Aguinaldo after the tragic murder-cum-execution. Besides, his son, Santiago, wrote memoirs showing the Magdiwang account or perspective of the Katipunan tragedy that, of course, countered the version of Aguinaldo's camp.

Pt. 4

Mabini well recognized Bonifacio's magnanimity and moral discipline when he noted how the Supremo showed NO "turbulent defiance" despite Aguinaldo's seditious maneuverings. This point of Mabini, along with how he dubbed the Supremo's killing as a crime effectively shows he found the Council of War findings as fabricated and but utter lies.

Indeed, Bonifacio was so faithful to and focused on his vision of seeing the liberation of the Tagalog (Filipino) nation that he continued to believe that the Magdalo were mainly driven by patriotic intent, causing him to throw caution to the wind at least thrice. Firstly, despite he and Procopio nearly coming into blows with Aguinaldo a month earlier, and the supposed Tejeros Convention's agenda being a strategizing for the revolution, the Supremo acceded to holding an election for a new government. Moreover, and this is the second instance, Bonifacio also even dismissed Mojica's warning that the ballot had been pre-filled with Magdalo names.

Thirdly, despite the insult despicably attempted by Tirona, a Magdalo, at the Tejeros Convention, the Supremo did not hesitate to warmly welcome the Aguinaldos at his office in Naic but also, within a week, blessed the plan for the Magdiwang to lend arms to the Magdalo, supposedly to enable the latter faction to rest from the fighting. The Supremo was so focused on attaining liberation for the country and so magnanimous willing to give his compatriots the benefit of the doubt that he even graciously had his Balara contingent lend the guns to the Magdalo. All these despite the seemingly vile pattern of Magdalo moves and acts. As history has unfolded, the Magdiwang guns being in the hands of Magdalo provided the crucial military component to Aguinaldo's revolutionary power-grab, so to speak.

Legally Kangaroo & Naught 

Approaching the tragedy from a legal standpoint would even lead one to see the utter baselessness , stark 'kangaroo-ness,' and sheer nefariousness of what they did to the Supremo and his brother. Attorney Marvin Aceron writes that he doesn't only agree that Bonifacio was not only given a kangaroo court martial but that the entire trial was legally baseless for two reasons: the absence of law on treason and absence of jurisdiction under Aguinaldo's 'government.'

Aceron wonders how Council of War could have possibly tried and punished anyone for treason--one of the charges against the Bonifacio brothers--when at that time Aguinaldo had not issued any law against it under the 'Philippine Republic.' Indeed, Aguinaldo and his camp seemed rather bereft of common legal sense that the 'President' failed to issue even a dictatorial decree defining treason. Herein, it appears that his and Tirona's lawyer candidate friend, del Rosario, was legally inept so much so that he was unable to receive a counsel  on the need to issue or make a criminal law before it can be enforced and be used to punished anyone.

Additionally, it perhaps ought to be understood that it was actually the Supremo who had the right to charge Aguinaldo with treason, if ever, because the Katipunan leader had the sense to issue the Naic Military Agreement signed on April 19, 1897. The third clause of the Agreement which goes as: "Any disloyal person shall be punished on the spot, according to his desserts," provides the punitive clause to the introductory paragraph of the document that condemns the treason against Motherland committed by "certain officers who have been sowing discord...."

Atty. Aceron also finds the Council of War as having had no jurisdiction to try the Supremo and his brother because the supposed crimes took place in territories that were already retaken by the Spaniards by the time of the trial. He adds that if there's anyone who had the right to put anyone on trial (especially a criminal one), it was only the Spanish colonial government who wielded actual power in Indang and Naic, among others at that time. 

This is a particularly noteworthy point here because it raises the issue of jurisdiction. If one wishes to counter this legal argument by philosophizing that it was a revolutionary and, thus, fluid government that was at work then, then one can go further and claim that Aguinaldo did not even have jurisdiction in Indang and Naic and even Maragondon where the abduction, trial, and execution took place, respectively. Why so? Because these three Cavite towns were under Katipunan's Magdiwang and not Magdalo jurisdiction even prior to the Spanish offensive.

The Magdiwang territories were actually under Gen. Mainam Alvarez, who was months earlier, based on surviving draft notice, was appointed by Bonifacio's Supreme Council as revolutionary chief in Cavite. While Alvarez presented extreme prudence when he opposed the rescue of the Supremo, he was loyal to the latter whose tragic death so demoralized him. Despite Aguinaldo's appointment of him as Secretary of Development, Alvarez refused to  further fight the Spaniards under Aguinaldo after the Bonifacios' killing. Besides, another of his 'officers,' Ricarte, seemed to have been only coerced into serving under Aguinaldo's government. This can be gleaned by Ricarte's apparent insinuation that he was subjected to heavy pressure--if not subtle death threat--that's why he ultimately took his oath as Captain-General.

In simple terms, while the Magdalo/Aguinaldo already possessed Magdiwang's guns, they didn't really have their loyalty. Thus, their 'government' that was also under Spanish siege at that point did not really have actual or dominant/full control of the Cavite territories relevant to the Supremo's case. In short, Aguinaldo camp's jurisdiction over the Bonifacios was naught.

Conclusion

Lakambini, Gregoria de Jesus,
Supremo Andres Bonifacio's wife

To conclude, even if one were to assume that the Tejeros elections were not fraudulent and that Bonifacio didn't nullify its proceedings (in his capacity as presiding officer); that neither did he issue the Acta de Tejeros; that Aguinaldo did not scheme a coup despite the Magdalo's abrogation of Magdiwang guns; that Aguinaldo did not order the abductions 'dead or alive'; and that the court martial was not rigged, one still gets to conclude that the Katipunan Supreme President could not possibly have been found "guilty." How could Aguinaldo's court martial pass judgement on the Supremo when the trial proceedings, with a non-existent treason law and jurisdiction, were nothing but a nefarious show designed to eliminate a rival revolutionary figure. It follows that the "execution" was but a dual murder, nay, to use Mabini's term, "assassination" on orders of an insubordinate.

"Matakot sa kasaysayan pagka't walang lihim na di nahahayag."

("Fear history, for it respects no secrets.")

                                                                           - Lakambini (Gregoria de Jesus)

__________



Photo credits

yonip.com
http://kasaysayan-kkk.info/
http://www.myspace.com/gregoriodelpilar
http://members.tripod.com/pow_mpid2/mabini.html 
http://bahaynakpil.org/images/lola_gorya_invite.pn 
http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/400/424/aguinaldo_1.htm
http://cavite.inetgiant.com.ph/generalmarianoalvarez/home/announcements

References:

Alvarez, Santiago. The katipunan and the revolution: memoirs of a general : with the original Tagalog text. Paula Carolina S. Malay. Trans. Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1992. http://books.google.com/books?id=F3q-krDckHwC&dq=SANtiago+alvarez+tejeros+forced&source=gbs_navlinks_s
Artemio Ricarte Declaration date 24 March 1897. Filipiniana.net. http://www.filipiniana.net/publication/artemio-ricarte-declaration-dated-24-march-1897/12791881635983 

Bonifacio, Andres. "Letters to Emilio Jacinto." In The Writings and Trial of Andres Bonifacio, trans. Teodoro A. Agoncillo and S. V. Epistola. Manila: Antonio J. Villegas; Manila Bonifacio Centennial Commission; University of the Philippines, 1963. 13-22. http://bonifaciopapers.blogspot.com/2005/09/bonifacio-andres_112726277825094355.html 
Delos Santos, Epifanio. ”Andres Bonifacio”, pages 34-58, The Philippine Review (Revista Filipina), G. Nieva: Manila, P.I., Volume 3, No. 1, January, 1918; Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library 2005. Cited in The Unofficial Diary of the Malolos Republic. http://malolosrepublic.blogspot.com/2010/06/bibliography.html
Guerrero, Milagros, Emmanuel Encarnacion, and Ramon Villegas. Andres Bonifacio and the 1896 Revolution. In Sulyap Kultura. National Commission for Culture and the Arts, 1996. NCCA Site. 16 June 2003. http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/articles-on-c-n-a/article.php?i=5&subcat=13

Documents of the Katipunan website: http://kasaysayan-kkk.info/docs.ab.080397.htm ; http://kasaysayan-kkk.info ; /docs.ab.160497.htm ; http://kasaysayan-kkk.info/docs.kasaysayan.htm ; http://kasaysayan-kkk.info/docs.ks.190496.htm ; http://kasaysayan-kkk.info/docs.ab.240497.ej.htm ; http://kasaysayan-kkk.info/docs.adt.230397.htm 
Draft notice of appointment, 26 August 1896, by Bonifacio, Andres. Filipiniana.net. http://www.filipiniana.net/publication/draft-notice-of-appointment-26-august-1896/12791881631895Duka, C. Struggle for Freedom. Rex Bookstore, Inc., 2008. http://books.google.com/books?id=4wk8yqCEmJUC&dq=bonifacio+aguinaldo+dead+noriel&source=gbs_navlinks_s 
Duka, C. Struggle for Freedom. 2008 ed.Rex Bookstore.

Gov. Ramon Blanco's Decree of 30 August 1896 (Translated from the Original Spanish Text). Filipiniana.net. http://www.filipiniana.net/publication/gov-ramon-blancos-decree-of-30-august-1896-translated-from-the-original-spanish-text/12791881708249
http://www.nhi.gov.ph//index.php?option=com_today_in_history&th_days=31&th_month=10&Itemid=1&thAction=thDetailView&th_id=1526
 Letter to Emilio Jacinto, 24 April 1897. Filipiniana.net. http://www.filipiniana.net/publication/letter-to-emilio-jacinto-24-april-1897/12791881633428
Mabini, Apolinario. The Philippine Revolution. http://www.univie.ac.at/Voelkerkunde/apsis/aufi/history/mabini08.htm

Revolucion filipina (1896-1898). Museo Oriental de Valladolid Site. http://www.museo-oriental.es/ver_didactica.asp?clave=138&loc=0

 National Historical Institute. Today in History. http://www.nhi.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_today_in_history&th_days=17&th_month=4&Itemid=1&thAction=thDetailView&th_id=761 ; http://www.nhi.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_today_in_history&th_days=29&th_month=8&Itemid=1&thAction=thDetailView&th_id=1243 ; http://www.nhi.gov.ph//index.php?option=com_today_in_history&th_days=28&th_month=4&Itemid=1&thAction=thDetailView&th_id=769 
Reyes, Ed Aurelio. BONIFACIO: Slain Again and Again. http://www.tribo.org/history/bonifacio.html 
Revolucion filipina (1896-1898). Museo Oriental de Valladolid Site. http://www.museo-oriental.es/ver_didactica.asp?clave=138&loc=0Salazar, Zeus A. Kasaysayan ng Kapilipinuhan: Bagong Balangkas. Lungsod ng Quezon. 2004 Disyembre. http://www.google.com.ph/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=9&ved=0CFMQFjAI&url=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.bagongkasaysayan.multiply.multiplycontent.com%2Fattachment%2F0%2FRvJZtwoKCsQAABfjrrM1%2FZeus%2520Salazar%2520-%2520Balangkas%2520ng%2520Kasaysayan%25202004.pdf%3Fnmid%3D55581663&ei=nBfwTKeUHIGgvgPo1qiHDg&usg=AFQjCNFY-7Ih-iNxGvjWhtjgIoebyl9cyA&sig2=zVIiGiBQyP0ap9pEjukt9Q.
Teodoro A. Agoncillo, Milagros Guerrero. History of the Filipino people. http://books.google.com/books?id=z3PiAAAAMAAJ&q=katipunan+coding&dq=katipunan+coding&hl=en&ei=0cfFTZWSKIi4vQOg08ihAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CGgQ6AEwCDgK
 The Court Martial of Andres Bonifacio. Filipiniana.net. http://www.filipiniana.net/publication/the-courtmartial-of-andres-bonifacio/12791881583874 
Who is Gen. M. Alvarez? http://gmacavite.com/home/home/ourtown/gma.html
21st Century Lawyer Notes on the Bonifacio Trial. http://lavidalawyer.blogspot.com/2005_11_01_archive.html

Other References:

Corpuz, O. D. Excerpts from The Roots of the Filipino Nation, Vol. II. Quezon City: AKLAHI Foundation, Inc., 1989. 211-19, 243-55. http://bonifaciopapers.blogspot.com/2006/07/corpuz-o.html Emilio Aguinaldo. http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Emilio_Aguinaldo
Bernardo, Jesusa. The Devaluation of a Hero & Promotion of a Counter-Hero: Where's Andres Bonifacio in the P5 Coin? http://jesusabernardo.newsvine.com/_news/2010/01/03/3710118-the-devaluation-of-a-hero-promotion-of-a-counter-hero-wheres-andres-bonifacio-in-the-p5-coin?commentId=11574882
Bayan at Batas's Notes. Facebook.https://www.facebook.com/notes.php?id=116867365044276
De Jesus, Gregoria. Autobiography of Gregoria de Jesus. Trans. Leandro H. Fernandez. Philippine Magazine 27.1 (June 1930): 16-18, 65-68. http://bonifaciopapers.blogspot.com/2005/09/de-jesus-gregoria.html
Flags And Symbols Of KKK - Kataastaasan Kagalang-Galangang Katipunan Ng Mga Anak Ng Bayan - 1. http://xoomer.virgilio.it/watawat/FLAGS_AND_SYMBOLS_OF_KKK_-_1.html